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Explore clear definitions, everyday examples and lesson contexts.
Showing 12 of 378 matching terms
A count of unique blockchain addresses meeting a data provider's activity rule during a stated period. That rule may include transfers or other ledger activity. Repeated activity by one address is counted once under the metric; an address count is not a count of people.
Example: A shop counts 40 loyalty cards used today. One shopper may use several cards, so 40 cards does not prove there were 40 people. Blockchain addresses have a similar measurement limit.
The recorded execution price and quantity actually obtained for an order or part of an order.
Example: A learner keeps the demo execution receipt instead of replacing it with the price drawn in the plan.
Keep in mind: Planned entry, actual entry, intended exit and actual exit belong in separate fields.
The figure reported for a named economic series and period in the source version being considered.
Example: A fictional release reports 3.2% for the same series whose saved forecast was 3.0%.
Keep in mind: Actual means reported, not permanently final or automatically good news.
In Bitcoin, a code that helps a payer wallet create the spending conditions for a payment output. It is a payment destination, not proof of the recipient identity. Other networks use different address and account models.
Example: Think of a delivery destination rather than a person's name. In a Bitcoin payment, the address helps the wallet create spending conditions; the visible code alone does not identify the recipient.
A scam in which an attacker places a look-alike address in your transaction history, hoping you will later copy it by mistake and send funds to them.
Example: A fake contact with a name almost like your sister's appears in your phone. Choosing it from recent contacts sends the message to the wrong person. A look alike address can cause a similar mistake.
A participant that acts on behalf of another party to arrange or execute a transaction. Its exact responsibilities depend on the agreement.
Example: A travel agent arranges a booking rather than necessarily owning the hotel; this illustrates the distinction in roles.
Keep in mind: The analogy does not establish a Forex provider’s duties or guarantee execution quality.
A distribution of tokens to eligible wallet addresses, often intended to reward users or spread ownership. A token may be offered without a purchase price, but receiving or claiming it can involve conditions, fees or unsafe requests.
Example: A cafe gives sample vouchers to visitors. A token distribution can resemble that promotion, but claiming a token may involve conditions, fees or an unsafe request. A gift label does not establish safety.
A stablecoin relying on programmed mechanisms to influence supply or demand and support a reference price. Designs differ, including systems with partial collateral. The algorithm does not guarantee that the peg will hold.
Example: Imagine a voucher intended to stay near one US dollar through rules that expand or reduce supply. If confidence in those rules breaks, the price can move away from the promised reference.
Short for "alternative coin": any crypto-asset other than bitcoin. The word is informal; some people use it only for coins with their own blockchain, others for every token too.
Example: A learner first studies Bitcoin, then compares other crypto assets. The broad label altcoin does not tell the learner whether another asset has useful rights, reliable liquidity or sound security.
Relying too heavily on an earlier number, such as a past price, when judging new information.
Example: A jacket first displayed at GBP 100 seems cheap at GBP 70, even when another shop sells it for GBP 60. The first number can distort the later judgment.
Relying too heavily on an initial number or reference when judging later information.
Example: An old advertised price keeps influencing a buyer even after the available options and conditions change.
Keep in mind: A reference can be useful; the problem is allowing it to displace relevant current evidence.
In a crypto reward display, an annualised rate commonly shown without assumed reinvestment of rewards. Check fees, units and the calculation period; legal borrowing APR can follow different conventions.
Example: A simplified 10% annual rate on 100 units gives ten units over a full year if the rate and balance stay constant and no fees apply.
Keep in mind: A displayed rate does not guarantee the reward or protect the asset price.
An annualised yield including a stated compounding assumption. Compare the reward rate, reinvestment frequency and costs before comparing products.
Example: At an invented 10% nominal rate compounded twice a year, 100 becomes 110.25 if both half year rewards are reinvested and no costs apply.
Keep in mind: APY assumptions may not match actual rewards or feasible reinvestment.
The price at which a dealer is willing to sell the base currency to you. If you buy the base currency, the ask is usually the relevant quoted price.
Example: At an invented EUR/USD ask of 1.1002, buying 100 EUR costs 110.02 USD before separate charges.
Keep in mind: The lower displayed side is not automatically the price available for a purchase.
The contracts, code version and features an auditor agreed to review. That report does not establish that anything outside its scope was checked. Later upgrades need review evidence covering the relevant version.
Example: A mechanic checks a car's brakes but not its engine. A good brakes report says little about the engine. Similarly, a code review only addresses the stated code and review scope.
A trading mechanism that uses rules or formulas to quote swaps against pooled liquidity. Availability depends on the pool, contract and network; it does not guarantee every swap can execute.
Example: Imagine a stall whose price changes according to stock remaining rather than a seller negotiating each purchase. An AMM uses programmed pricing, but a real swap also needs usable liquidity and a working network.
In this course, the positive magnitude of total negative results divided by the number of losing cases, under a consistent convention.
Example: Invented net losses of −2 and −4 have an average loss magnitude of 3.
Keep in mind: State the sign convention; subtracting a signed negative loss can incorrectly turn it into a gain.
ATR: a smoothing of successive true ranges under a specified lookback and averaging method. Its units follow the price series.
Example: With previous 14-period Wilder ATR 0.80 and latest true range 1.20, the update is (13 × 0.80 + 1.20)/14, about 0.82857.
Keep in mind: ATR has no up-or-down direction and is not an exact forecast of the next range.
Total positive results divided by the number of winning cases, with consistent units and cost treatment.
Example: Invented net wins of 4 and 2 have an average win of 3.
Keep in mind: If there are no winners, the category average is undefined rather than an observed zero-sized win.
Applying a specified method to historical observations under stated data, timing, fill and cost assumptions to simulate how it would have behaved.
Example: A learner replays earlier dates one cutoff at a time with a frozen worksheet.
Keep in mind: Simulated historical results are not actual live performance or a guarantee of future results.
The account figure commonly reflecting recorded cash entries and closed trading results, subject to the provider’s statement conventions.
Example: An invented balance starts at 100, receives a 20 deposit and pays a 10 withdrawal: 110 before other entries.
Keep in mind: Deposits are not trading profit, and balance may not include changing results on open positions.
The first currency written in a currency pair. A quoted rate tells you how much of the second currency corresponds to one unit of this first currency.
Example: At an invented EUR/USD rate of 1.20, EUR is the base: one euro corresponds to 1.20 US dollars.
Keep in mind: The first currency is not automatically your account or home currency.
One hundredth of a percentage point: 0.01 percentage point.
Example: An invented rate rises from 4.00% to 4.25%: 0.25 percentage point, or 25 basis points.
Keep in mind: One hundred basis points equal one percentage point, not necessarily a 1% change relative to the old rate.
The price at which a dealer is willing to buy the base currency from you. If you sell the base currency, the bid is usually the relevant quoted price.
Example: At an invented EUR/USD bid of 1.1000, a customer selling 100 EUR receives 110 USD before separate charges.
Keep in mind: Read the quote from the customer’s transaction direction.
The first widely adopted decentralized cryptocurrency, introduced as a peer-to-peer electronic cash system.
Example: An Australian learner can study Bitcoin's payment record without first buying BTC. Bitcoin names the network and its native asset; the learning exercise is separate from a price prediction.
A batch of Bitcoin transactions plus a header that summarises them and links the block to the one before it.
Example: A clerk groups today's receipts into a numbered packet and refers to the earlier packet. This illustrates batching and linking; Bitcoin also checks the transactions and proof of work.
Keep in mind: This definition describes a Bitcoin block. Other blockchains can use different block contents and consensus rules.
What a miner may claim for a valid block: the block subsidy (newly created bitcoin) plus all transaction fees paid by the transactions in that block.
Example: Imagine a delivery worker receiving a scheduled base payment plus the delivery fees collected. Bitcoin's subsidy and transaction fees are separate parts of its block reward.
Keep in mind: The subsidy creates new units; fees transfer existing units. Neither is a guaranteed return for a person buying BTC.
A shared record organised into linked blocks and maintained under a network's rules for checking and agreeing updates. Participants hold or verify the record in ways that depend on the network design.
Example: Several members of a savings club keep matching copies of an agreed record. A blockchain adds rules for checking and ordering updates rather than trusting a single notebook keeper.
Lines placed around a selected moving average using a stated dispersion measure and multiplier, commonly standard deviation.
Example: An invented mean of 10, standard deviation 1 and multiplier 2 give upper 12 and lower 8.
Keep in mind: Defaults are not universal settings; a touch is not automatically a buy or sell signal.
A description of relatively narrow Bollinger Bands under a specified width measure and comparison rule.
Example: A learner compares today’s measured band width with a defined earlier window and notes that it is narrower.
Keep in mind: Narrow bands do not guarantee a breakout, its timing or its direction.
A return measure associated with a bond under a named calculation convention, using its price and relevant payment assumptions.
Example: An invented 4-unit annual coupon divided by a 100-unit price gives 4% current yield.
Keep in mind: Current yield is not yield to maturity; currency, maturity, price and calculation convention must be stated.
A result of zero gain or loss after the costs included in the stated calculation.
Example: If a made-up price result is 1 unit and the only separate charge is 1 unit, the net result is zero.
Keep in mind: Returning to an entry price does not necessarily mean breaking even after costs.
A move beyond a previously specified boundary under a stated observation rule, which may use a touch, breach or completed close.
Example: A learner writes a boundary at 12 and a completed-close rule before examining the next observation.
Keep in mind: Crossing a line does not guarantee continuation or an available profitable fill.
A system that lets tokens or messages move between two blockchains, usually by locking or burning assets on one side and minting or releasing them on the other.
Example: A travel desk accepts one voucher and issues a corresponding voucher for another system. If the desk fails, the second voucher may not be redeemable. Blockchain bridges introduce their own trust dependencies.
A service that arranges or executes crypto purchases or sales for customers. Some quote their own dealing prices; others route orders. Check who acts as the counterparty and how spreads and fees are charged.
Example: A currency kiosk quotes a single all in exchange price instead of showing every customer's offer. A crypto broker may work similarly, so compare its quote and disclosed fees.
Keep in mind: Check the actual contract, counterparty and costs. Services can combine broker and exchange functions.
The portion of a conventional candlestick between its open and close.
Example: If an invented interval opens at 10 and closes at 12, the body spans those two prices.
Keep in mind: Body length is not the same as the full high-to-low range.
A chart display of an interval’s open, high, low and close using a body and wicks.
Example: A compact chart shape shows the first and last recorded prices and the interval’s extremes.
Keep in mind: Colour settings differ; a candle is a summary, not a record of every transaction.
A classification of one or several candle shapes under stated body, wick and context rules.
Example: A nearly equal open and close may be called a doji under a written tolerance rule.
Keep in mind: The label does not reveal every intrabar event or establish the next move’s probability.
An approach seeking a return difference by financing in one currency and holding exposure to another currency or asset, under stated obligations.
Example: A fictional example borrows in a lower-rate currency and holds a higher-yielding foreign exposure, while still owing the funding.
Keep in mind: Exchange-rate or asset losses, charges and funding changes can outweigh the favourable rate difference.
Reduction or closure of carry-related positions, potentially including sale of held exposure and repayment or reduction of funding.
Example: A borrower sells some foreign exposure and reduces the borrowing used to finance it.
Keep in mind: Scale, motives and timing may remain uncertain; a crowded-position claim does not prove an imminent reversal.
A public institution with responsibilities such as monetary policy and, depending on its mandate, currency issuance or other financial-system functions.
Example: A central bank can announce a policy-rate decision; it is not the same kind of service as a neighbourhood currency shop.
Keep in mind: Responsibilities differ by country, and a policy announcement does not fix the next market price.
A crypto trading service managed by a central operator. Many hold customer funds and match buy and sell orders. When the service holds the signing keys, the customer relies on its custody and withdrawal arrangements; check the actual service model.
Example: Leaving an item in a company's storage facility gives that company control over release. An exchange balance similarly depends on the company allowing withdrawals; it is different from holding the signing keys yourself.
A classification of a price arrangement spanning multiple observations under a stated selection, confirmation and failure rule.
Example: Two similar highs may be a double-top candidate, but a chosen confirmation condition still needs to be tested.
Keep in mind: A shape that looks familiar is not automatically a confirmed pattern or a profitable setup.
Changing or adding an action because a price move has already happened and you feel pressure not to miss out, rather than following the written entry rules.
Example: A learner sees the bus leaving and rushes without checking whether it is the right route; the analogy illustrates urgency replacing a check.
Keep in mind: A later eligible action is not automatically chasing; compare the decision with its actual rule and information.
The data provider's best estimate of how many tokens are available to the public and trading now. Locked tokens, unvested team and investor allocations and project treasuries are usually excluded.
Example: A bakery has made 1,000 vouchers but keeps 300 locked for staff. A public supply estimate may exclude those 300. Check the data provider's rule rather than assuming every voucher is available.
Customer funds held by a financial firm. Applicable handling or segregation arrangements depend on the service and governing rules.
Example: A business keeping customer funds separate from its own operating money illustrates the purpose of segregation.
Keep in mind: Segregation, compensation and negative-balance protection are different safeguards; none should be assumed from a slogan.
Malware that monitors copied information and may replace a recognised crypto address with an attacker-controlled address before you paste it.
Example: You copy your cousin's delivery address, but a malicious program replaces it before you paste. Compare the full destination with a trusted source before confirming a crypto transfer.
A scam that imitates a genuine financial firm, for example by copying its name, registration details or website while using different contact details.
Example: A message copies a real company logo but asks you to contact a different phone number.
Keep in mind: A copied licence number is not proof that you are speaking to the genuine firm.
A recurring tendency in how people select, remember or interpret information, which can push a decision away from what the evidence supports without the person intending to be careless.
Example: You remember the two occasions when a shortcut saved time but forget the five when it delayed you. Keeping a dated record helps you test the impression against the whole sample.
The native asset of a blockchain, built into its rules. It usually pays transaction fees and rewards the people who secure the network. Bitcoin (BTC) and ether (ETH) are coins.
Example: BTC is native to Bitcoin and ETH is native to Ethereum. A token using Ethereum is different from ETH, just as a shop voucher differs from the national currency used to pay fees.
A wallet arrangement that keeps private signing keys offline. A hardware wallet can sign inside its device while connected to an online computer, without exposing those keys to that computer.
Example: A signing device can approve a transaction internally while a connected laptop broadcasts it. The secret stays in the device, but a misleading request or compromised backup can still cause loss.
The account’s positions considered together, including their quantities, currency directions and scenario assumptions.
Example: Two different pair names may both involve selling the same currency, creating a shared direction.
Keep in mind: Different names do not automatically provide diversification; costs, size and conversion also matter.
A separately stated charge for arranging or executing a transaction. Its amount and when it applies depend on the provider’s terms.
Example: A service lists a 1-unit transaction fee separately from the quoted conversion prices.
Keep in mind: Commission-free does not necessarily mean cost-free.
COT: CFTC reports describing specified positions in covered futures and options-on-futures markets under their report formats and classifications.
Example: A learner records the report’s position date separately from when it became publicly available.
Keep in mind: It is not a complete current map of global spot Forex; verify report type, categories and publication schedule.
The share of your total holdings that depends on a single asset, provider or risk. High concentration means one failure can cause most of your loss.
Example: If every saved holiday booking is with one company, that company's failure affects the entire trip. Holding different tokens at the same provider can still leave one shared dependency.
Additional observed evidence meeting a stated criterion for an interpretation or action. It does not eliminate uncertainty.
Example: A learner waits for one completed close rather than counting a brief intrabar touch.
Keep in mind: Evidence fitting an idea is not proof that the idea or later trade will succeed.
Searching for, preferring and remembering information that supports what you already believe, while giving less weight to information that contradicts it.
Example: You want a used car to be a bargain, so you read only its good reviews. A careful token review also records evidence that could contradict your initial opinion.
A tendency to favour information that supports an existing view while neglecting conflicting evidence. In a review, investigate specific observable choices.
Example: Someone keeps only the winning screenshots that support a method they already like.
Keep in mind: A label does not diagnose a person or repair the record; preserve the omitted cases and apply the same selection rule.
The wait for the observations required to confirm a classification or condition under a stated rule.
Example: A local peak requiring two later observations cannot be confirmed before those observations arrive.
Keep in mind: Marking the peak at its earlier date must not imply it was knowable at that earlier time.
A provider’s summary of collected estimates, such as a survey median or average, for a specified release.
Example: Three invented forecasts of 2%, 3% and 4% have a median of 3%.
Keep in mind: This is not every market participant’s belief or a direct measurement of all expectations embedded in prices.
The rules and incentives that let a network of independent computers agree on which blocks are valid and in what order, even when some participants are faulty or dishonest.
Example: A club agrees how members will accept new entries in its shared record. A blockchain has technical rules for agreement; those rules do not automatically prove that an asset is valuable.
Movement contained within chosen approximate boundaries without sustained progression under a stated trend rule and observation period.
Example: A fictional record repeatedly moves between defined boundaries at 10 and 12.
Keep in mind: Record when the boundaries became available; drawing them after a later break introduces hindsight.
A contract whose result depends on the price difference between opening and closing, under its terms, rather than ownership of the underlying asset.
Example: A currency CFD can change your account result without delivering travel money you can spend abroad.
Keep in mind: The pair symbol alone does not identify the product or its protections.
A number from −1 to +1 that summarises how closely two price series moved together over a stated past period. Near +1 means they tended to move the same way; near 0 means little straight-line relationship. It describes the sample, not the future.
Example: An Australian learner compares weekly changes in two assets in AUD. They moved together in one sample, but a different period or currency can give a different result.
Keep in mind: The minus one to plus one description refers to a defined correlation coefficient, commonly Pearson correlation. Name the data and period.
A statistical description of a relationship between named data series over a stated sample. The course uses Pearson correlation for linear relationships.
Example: Two household measurements may often rise together during one recorded period; that does not prove one causes the other.
Keep in mind: A sample coefficient is not a permanent law or a guaranteed reduction in combined cash losses.
A number describing a specified correlation measure over aligned observations. Pearson’s coefficient lies between −1 and +1 when both series have nonzero variation.
Example: Invented varying observations 1, 2, 3 and 2, 4, 6 have a perfect positive linear sample relationship.
Keep in mind: A zero coefficient does not prove independence, and a coefficient is not a fixed cash-risk discount.
What you paid to acquire an asset, usually including the fees of buying it, recorded in your home currency. It is the starting point for working out a gain or loss when you later sell or swap.
Example: A Canadian learner records CAD 100 paid for an asset and CAD 2 in acquisition fees. The record supports later calculations, but the permitted tax treatment depends on the applicable rules.
Keep in mind: Tax calculations can use jurisdiction specific valuation, fee and disposal rules. Retain dates, quantities and records.
The other party to a transaction or contract. For a Forex product, the agreement identifies which company owes you the contractual obligations.
Example: A buyer and a furniture shop are on opposite sides of their sale; a trading contract also has identifiable parties.
Keep in mind: The app name and the contracting legal company need not be the same.
The risk that the person or company you rely on, such as an exchange holding your crypto, cannot or will not do what it promised.
Example: You pay for furniture before delivery. If the seller cannot supply it or refund you, its failure creates a loss even if the furniture's market price has not changed.
A measured or proposed relationship between different kinds of assets, with the variables, period and explanation made explicit.
Example: A learner compares aligned currency and bond-return observations rather than assuming a chart resemblance is a permanent rule.
Keep in mind: An association need not be causal or stable, and instrument and quote-direction choices matter.
A system that carries instructions or data, not only tokens, from a smart contract on one blockchain to a smart contract on another.
Example: A shop's ordering system sends instructions to a separate warehouse system. Blockchain messaging similarly carries data between systems and depends on how the message is checked.
An exchange rate between two currencies derived using compatible quotes involving a third currency.
Example: At invented rates of 1 EUR = 1.20 USD and 1 USD = 100 JPY, the derived rate is 1 EUR = 120 JPY.
Keep in mind: A derived teaching rate is not necessarily an executable offer after spreads and costs.
An asset recorded and transferred using a blockchain or a related distributed ledger. It may be a network's native coin or a token whose rules are implemented by a contract. Different assets can have very different issuers, administrators, rights and risks.
Example: A learner compares a native coin, a governance token and a token linked to a bond. Their common crypto label does not mean they grant the same ownership rights or face the same risks.
An application or device used to view balances and manage interactions with blockchain accounts. A signing wallet uses private keys; a watch only wallet uses public information, while a custodial service controls keys for its customers.
Example: A banking app displays money rather than physically containing it. A wallet similarly reads blockchain records; control depends on the keys and account rules, not the displayed balance alone.
An additional fee or rate markup for changing a money amount from one currency into another.
Example: A hypothetical 10 USD result converts to 8 GBP at 0.80 GBP per USD before any conversion charge.
Keep in mind: The conversion amount and the extra charge are separate; keep the direction and units clear.
Changing an amount of one currency into another, usually to make a payment, travel or meet another practical need.
Example: A traveller changes some of their home currency into the currency needed for a bus fare abroad.
Keep in mind: A practical conversion does not necessarily mean someone is speculating.
The account’s involvement in currency directions and amounts, including positions or obligations converted under stated assumptions.
Example: Buying EUR/USD involves buying EUR and selling USD; a second different pair may add another USD direction.
Keep in mind: List both currency legs, size and product terms rather than relying only on pair names.
Two currencies written together, such as EUR/USD or USD/JPY. The first is the base currency; the second is the quote currency.
Example: EUR/USD places EUR first and USD second, like a clearly labelled two-unit comparison.
Keep in mind: Reversing the pair changes how its number is read.
An agreement to exchange payment streams in different currencies, often including principal and interest. An FX swap instead combines a currency exchange with an agreed reverse exchange at a later date.
Example: A business with USD borrowing and EUR revenue agrees to exchange payment streams under a currency swap. A simpler exchange today with a reverse exchange later illustrates an FX swap instead.
Keep in mind: FX swaps, longer-term currency swaps and retail overnight swap charges should not be treated as identical terms.
Choosing a method so closely around historical quirks that attractive apparent results may not carry to new observations; often called overfitting.
Example: A learner adds exception after exception until every awkward historical case is excluded.
Keep in mind: Revisions can be useful development, but preserve versions, all tried choices and genuinely separate evaluation data.
The last price recorded before a chosen cut-off time, often 00:00 UTC. It is a charting convention, not a moment when the market actually stops.
Example: A supermarket can remain open after you total the day's sales at midnight. Crypto trading can continue after a chart provider takes its daily closing observation.
A prewritten daily control or pause rule defined against a stated account measure, including how open results and costs are treated.
Example: In a hypothetical demo plan, a learner stops new actions when the day’s defined loss threshold is reached.
Keep in mind: A pause rule does not guarantee existing positions cannot lose more or prevent gaps and slippage.
A stream or record of information supplied by a particular source, with its own coverage, timing and measurement conventions.
Example: A thermometer at one location provides one local record, not every temperature across a city.
Keep in mind: Two feeds can legitimately differ; document the source and price basis.
The difference between a reported value and a specified forecast saved beforehand, using the same measure, period and units.
Example: A hypothetical actual of 3.2% minus a saved forecast of 3.0% is +0.2 percentage point.
Keep in mind: A positive numerical surprise does not mean the currency must rise or that the release alone caused a price move.
A holding-style label generally involving closure within a defined trading day or session.
Example: A hypothetical rule requires no open position after its stated session boundary.
Keep in mind: Define the actual boundary and timezone; the name alone does not guarantee positions were closed.
A seasonal local-clock adjustment used in some places. It can change the UTC time of a financial centre’s usual local working hours.
Example: A shop still opens at 09:00 local time, but that opening can correspond to a different UTC time after a clock change.
Keep in mind: Different places can change clocks on different dates or not change them at all.
A participant that trades as a counterparty on its own account, rather than only arranging a transaction for someone else.
Example: A currency shop that buys your currency and sells its own currency illustrates a dealer role.
Keep in mind: Read the actual agreement; a platform’s marketing label may not explain its legal role.
A way a provider handles customer transactions, often within a dealer or market-making business. Its precise responsibilities and conflicts depend on the arrangement.
Example: A shop quotes buying and selling prices and decides how to manage the inventory created by customer orders.
Keep in mind: The label is not by itself proof of honest or dishonest conduct.
Control or operation distributed among participants rather than concentrated in one central authority. The degree varies: examine who can validate, upgrade, pause or otherwise influence the system.
Example: A neighbourhood group may share routine decisions while one organiser keeps the power to change the rules. Examine the actual powers rather than accepting a distributed label at face value.
A trading application using blockchain contracts to coordinate swaps or orders. Custody, permissions and execution designs vary; AMMs are one design rather than the definition of every DEX.
Example: A learner compares a pool based swap with an order matching system. Both may use contracts while providing different execution arrangements.
Keep in mind: A DEX label does not establish complete decentralisation or freedom from risk.
Financial applications that use blockchain smart contracts for activities such as swapping or lending. Some retain administrators, upgrade powers or dependencies on companies and outside data.
Example: A self service payment machine carries out written instructions, but someone may still maintain or pause it. A DeFi application also needs a review of code, permissions and outside dependencies.
A dated record of each decision you make, written at the time, including your reasons, the information you had, how you felt and what you expected, with the outcome added later in a separate field.
Example: Before a purchase, you record the price, reasons and alternatives. Later you add what happened without rewriting the earlier reasoning. A market journal uses the same separation.
A dated record of the information, rule version, reasoning, action or decision to skip, assumptions and later outcome of a case.
Example: A learner writes why they skipped a demo entry before knowing what the chart did later.
Keep in mind: Keep original entries and append dated corrections; screenshots alone are not a complete journal.
A practice account that uses simulated money to rehearse platform controls and market decisions without placing those practice funds at risk.
Example: A learner practises entering and cancelling an order before using any real money.
Keep in mind: Demo fills, costs and emotional pressure may differ from live conditions.
A number showing how hard it currently is to find a valid block, compared with the easiest possible block. Higher difficulty means a lower target.
Example: Imagine a game accepting only a narrower set of ticket numbers. A winning ticket becomes less likely per attempt. This illustrates Bitcoin's changing proof of work difficulty.
Cryptographic data that can be checked against a message and public key to verify signing with the matching private key. It does not by itself prove the rightful owner understood or willingly approved the request.
Example: A valid approval made with a stolen office signing stamp would not prove the manager wanted the purchase. A valid cryptographic signature also cannot establish informed human consent by itself.
A disagreement between corresponding selected price swings and indicator swings under an explicitly named comparison rule.
Example: Two fictional price highs rise from 10 to 12 while their associated oscillator highs fall from 70 to 65.
Keep in mind: The observations must correspond; disagreement does not guarantee a trend reversal.
Investing a fixed amount at regular intervals, regardless of price. Investor.gov, the US Securities and Exchange Commission's education site, describes it as buying more when the price is low and less when it is high. In the UK it is often called pound-cost averaging.
Example: In an invented practice record, a learner allocates GBP 40 each month. GBP 40 buys more units at GBP 2 than at GBP 4. Regular purchases still can lose value.
An attempt to use the same digital funds in conflicting payments. In Bitcoin, two transactions may try to spend the same earlier output; the agreed chain must not accept both as valid spends of that output.
Example: A copied gift voucher should not pay for two independent purchases. Bitcoin's rules aim to prevent two conflicting spends of the same output from both being accepted in the agreed chain.
The fall from a previous peak to a later low, written as a percentage of the peak.
Example: An example holding rises to EUR 200 and later falls to EUR 150. The decline is EUR 50, or 25% of the earlier peak; this differs from its return since purchase.
A decline from a previous high to a later value in a consistently defined account series, such as balance or equity.
Example: An invented account series falls from a 100-unit peak to 80: a 20-unit decline, or 20% of that peak.
Keep in mind: Balance-only and equity drawdown can differ; neither is automatically the sum of every losing trade.
Electronic communication network: a system for electronic matching among participants. A provider’s use of this label needs to be checked against the actual arrangement.
Example: A matching system can bring compatible buying and selling instructions together.
Keep in mind: An ECN marketing claim does not necessarily give a retail customer direct access to a complete bank order book.
A schedule or summary of economic releases and policy events, normally listing times, countries, measures and comparison fields.
Example: A learner uses it like a diary to know when an agency expects to publish a report.
Keep in mind: Provider summaries can change or omit details; check the original issuer, and remember that unscheduled events also occur.
A scheduled or published report of specified economic measures, with its definitions, measured period and issuing authority.
Example: A statistics agency publishes a monthly price report after the period it measures.
Keep in mind: The release date is not the same as the measured period, and a summary headline may omit revisions and components.
A stated measure comparing current exposure with current equity. In the course’s simple illustration, it is gross account-currency notional divided by equity.
Example: Hypothetical gross notional of 2,000 and equity of 100 produce an illustrative ratio of 20 times.
Keep in mind: This differs from a provider’s maximum advertised leverage; name the aggregation and conversion assumptions.
A publication containing specified measures of work and labour-market activity, often from several surveys with different populations and units.
Example: One series can count covered jobs while another classifies people as employed, unemployed or outside the labour force.
Keep in mind: A job count is not always a count of different people, and no single headline describes every part of the labour market.
An account-value figure commonly combining balance with current open-position results and applicable adjustments. The provider’s calculation should be checked.
Example: With a 100-unit balance, a 5-unit floating loss and no other adjustments, example equity is 95.
Keep in mind: A floating gain can disappear before the position closes.
The native asset of Ethereum, abbreviated ETH. It is used for transaction fees and staking under Ethereum rules. Ethereum is the network; ether is its native asset.
Example: A learner sees a fee quoted in ETH and checks its GBP equivalent separately. The network name and the fee asset are related but different.
Keep in mind: ETH is different from a token merely issued on Ethereum.
Observations reserved to assess a specified method rather than choose its rules, with boundaries and permitted use stated in advance.
Example: A learner develops a rule on earlier dates and reserves later, unviewed dates for a separate assessment.
Keep in mind: Repeatedly changing the rule because of the same reserved results makes those observations part of development.
The price of one currency expressed in another. A made-up rate of 1 USD = 150 JPY means one US dollar is worth 150 Japanese yen at that example rate. It is an illustration, not today's market price.
Example: At an invented 1 USD = 150 JPY, 2 USD corresponds to 300 JPY before charges.
Keep in mind: Illustrative arithmetic is not a live provider quote.
A documented comparison between stated transaction references and the instructions, statuses, quantities, prices and costs actually recorded.
Example: A learner compares the planned quote side with the demo fill receipt and retains both favourable and adverse differences.
Keep in mind: A chart screenshot without order status and actual fills is not a complete execution record.
A market label often used for a pair involving a less widely traded currency. Providers and teaching sources may classify pairs differently.
Example: A provider may label USD/TRY an exotic pair.
Keep in mind: The label alone does not tell you the actual spread, liquidity or product risk.
A rolling average updated with greater weight on recent observations under a chosen smoothing rule.
Example: With example prior EMA 10, new price 13 and weight one third, the updated EMA is 11.
Keep in mind: Record the smoothing and initialisation; an EMA still uses observed data rather than future prices.
A previously defined break followed by a return that meets a specified failure rule within a stated period.
Example: A fictional close crosses a boundary, then a later close returns inside within the chosen time limit.
Keep in mind: This later label was not automatically known when the initial crossing occurred.
A chart projection using a stated ratio and anchor convention, potentially beyond a selected endpoint.
Example: Under one stated convention, 100 + 1.618 × 20 gives a projected reference of 132.36.
Keep in mind: Different tools use different anchors; the projection is not a price target the market must reach.
A chart reference measuring a selected proportion of a previous move, with the anchors and calculation stated.
Example: For an invented rise from 100 to 120, a 50% return through the 20-unit move gives level 110.
Keep in mind: The 50% mark is a charting convention, not a Fibonacci ratio; no line is guaranteed support.
An actual execution of all or part of an order, recorded with its price, quantity and other transaction details.
Example: The checkout receipt records what was actually bought, rather than what you first requested.
Keep in mind: One order may have several fills or no fill.
The explicit assumptions a simulation uses to decide whether, when, at what price and in what quantity an instruction executes.
Example: A worksheet states its quote side, timing, available-quantity assumption and treatment of gaps before scoring cases.
Keep in mind: A simulated fill is not evidence that an actual provider would have executed that way.
The possibility of financial loss. In leveraged Forex, adverse prices and costs can create rapid losses; depending on the product and protections, liability may exceed the money initially deposited.
Example: Money set aside for Friday’s school fees is still needed on Friday even if a market position loses.
Keep in mind: The example identifies a need; it does not define a safe amount to trade.
A social-media personality who discusses money, investing or crypto. They may be independent or receive payments from businesses they mention. Check their evidence, incentives and any permissions required for the activity in your jurisdiction.
Example: A video presenter praises a product while receiving a sponsorship payment. A crypto recommendation needs a check of evidence, disclosed incentives and applicable permissions.
Keep in mind: A follower count or an apparent licence does not establish accuracy, independence or permission for every advertised activity.
Government decisions about spending, taxation and borrowing under the applicable institutional framework.
Example: A government budget changes spending on roads and how that spending is funded.
Keep in mind: This differs from a central-bank policy-rate decision; the effects can interact but the authorities and instruments differ.
A sizing convention that recalculates a selected fraction of a stated current account reference for each planned loss scenario.
Example: Using an invented 1% demo convention, the planned amount is 1 on equity of 100 and 0.90 on equity of 90.
Keep in mind: The percentage is not a recommendation; costs, minimum quantity and worse fills can prevent exact implementation.
A loan designed to be borrowed and repaid, usually with a fee, within one transaction. If the required conditions fail, its state changes revert; an included failed attempt can still consume gas.
Example: Imagine a programmed worksheet that accepts a whole sequence only if its final repayment check passes. This illustrates atomic execution, not an ordinary shop loan. An included failed transaction may still cost gas.
Fear of missing out: the anxious feeling that other people are gaining from something you are not part of, which pushes you to act quickly.
Example: Friends discuss a concert selling out, and you feel pushed to buy before checking your budget. A rising chart can create similar urgency without improving the evidence for a decision.
Forex is short for foreign exchange: the process of changing one currency into another, for travel, shopping, payments, business, and investment.
Example: A traveller exchanges home currency to pay for a bus abroad.
Keep in mind: An ordinary currency payment and a speculative price position can have different purposes and terms.
Foreign exchange: exchanging one currency for another. The Forex market is the worldwide network through which those exchanges are arranged.
Example: Paying an overseas supplier requires comparing the supplier’s currency with your own.
Keep in mind: A label for the currency market does not identify the specific retail product, its costs or its legal protections.
The current, unfinished candle whose high, low and close can still change before its interval ends.
Example: Today’s rainfall total can increase while the day is still in progress.
Keep in mind: Do not treat an unfinished close as a completed-period observation.
An agreement made now to exchange specified currency amounts on an agreed future date under stated terms.
Example: A business agrees today on the conversion terms for a supplier payment due later.
Keep in mind: Settlement and counterparty obligations remain important even when the agreed rate is known.
Recording a dated, frozen rule on observations that become available after it is specified. This can be observation-only or use demo rehearsal.
Example: A learner freezes a rule today and logs next week’s qualifying and nonqualifying cases as they arrive.
Keep in mind: Forward observation is not the same as actual live execution; demo conditions also have limits.
An account-control figure commonly calculated as equity minus used margin, subject to the provider’s rules.
Example: If example equity is 95 and used margin is 20, free margin is 75.
Keep in mind: This is not a recommended amount to lose or necessarily an amount available to withdraw.
Fear, uncertainty and doubt. In crypto discussions, the label is often used for negative claims or criticism. Check the evidence: a concern may be accurate, mistaken or deliberately misleading.
Example: One message says a shop may close; another calls the warning negativity. Check the lease notice and reliable evidence. In crypto, a criticism's label does not decide whether it is true.
Today's token price multiplied by the maximum supply, or by the total supply where no maximum exists. Data sites differ: CoinMarketCap uses maximum supply, while CoinGecko's guide uses total supply.
Example: If an invented token costs USD 2 and the stated supply basis is one million units, FDV is USD 2 million. Record which supply measure was used; this is not cash invested.
Keep in mind: Data providers can use different supply bases. Preserve the stated method when comparing values.
An evaluation or funding arrangement marketed under specified terms. Whether activity is simulated, actual funds are traded or payments are owed depends on the service.
Example: A learner compares a hypothetical service’s fee, account type, drawdown rules and payment conditions without buying it.
Keep in mind: The label is not proof of regulation, employment, real capital or a reliable payout; no challenge is required to complete this course.
A percentage, reset at regular intervals, that decides how much one side of a perpetual futures market pays the other. It is designed to pull the perp's price towards the spot price.
Example: Under an invented rule, a 0.01% payment on USD 1,000 notional is USD 0.10 for that interval. Check which side pays; the sign, timing and formula can change.
Keep in mind: Payment direction, time interval and formula are venue specific. A funding payment is different from an ordinary trading fee.
The unsupported belief that earlier outcomes force a compensating next outcome, such as thinking a win must follow a losing streak.
Example: After several tails in independent fair coin tosses, the next toss is still 50% heads.
Keep in mind: Actual trading outcomes need not be independent; the coin example does not establish a trading probability model.
The unit that measures how much computing effort an Ethereum operation needs. You pay for gas in ether.
Example: A taxi meter measures distance while the tariff determines the bill. Gas measures computational work; the gas price helps determine the fee paid in ETH.
A token that gives its holders voting power over a protocol's rules, settings or treasury.
Example: A club gives voting rights under its constitution. A governance token likewise has specific voting rules; holding it need not give ownership of the organisation or a share of its profits.
Keep in mind: Voting rights can require delegation or other conditions. They do not automatically grant company ownership or distributions.
GDP: the value of final goods and services produced within an economy over a period under its accounting framework.
Example: A finished loaf counts as final output; separately adding every ingredient’s sale to that loaf’s value would double-count intermediate production.
Keep in mind: Nominal values use current prices; real measures adjust for price change, and estimates can be revised.
A stated price-movement result before separately specified charges. The calculation must disclose prices, size, currency and which costs are already included.
Example: An invented trade shows a 5-unit price result before a separately charged 1-unit commission.
Keep in mind: Executable entry and exit prices already reflect their quoted sides; do not subtract the spread again without checking the convention.
A claim that a stated gain is certain. In a Forex offer, a promise of sure profit deserves particular scrutiny because price outcomes are uncertain.
Example: A group promises that every deposit will grow each week, even though it cannot control future currency prices.
Keep in mind: An advertised promise is not evidence that the result or protection is genuine.
A small unit of ether used to price gas: 1 gwei is one-billionth of an ETH (0.000000001 ETH), and 1 ETH = 1,000,000,000 gwei.
Example: Cents are a smaller way to quote an amount of dollars. Gwei is a smaller unit of ETH, useful for quoting gas prices; it is not a separate coin.
In Bitcoin, the scheduled reduction by half of the new block subsidy every 210,000 blocks under its issuance rules. It changes new issuance, not existing wallet balances or transaction fees.
Example: A production schedule cuts new output after a specified count, rather than on an exact calendar anniversary. Bitcoin's halving is tied to block height and does not halve existing balances.
A fixed-length fingerprint produced from data by a specified cryptographic hash function, within that function’s supported input limits. Identical inputs give the same output. Changed inputs ordinarily give different outputs, although collisions are mathematically possible.
Example: A file checking tool produces a fingerprint for a receipt file. A changed file will normally have a different fingerprint. A hash is not encryption and does not prove that the receipt's contents are true.
Taking an action intended to reduce exposure to a specified risk, sometimes by taking an offsetting position. It can have costs and leave other risks.
Example: An importer worries that a future foreign-currency invoice will cost more in home currency and considers a way to fix its conversion terms.
Keep in mind: A hedge is not a promise of profit or protection from every possible loss.
An accounting arrangement allowing separately identified positions, including opposite directions, subject to the platform and account settings.
Example: A 1,000-unit long and a new 600-unit short may remain two positions rather than one 400-unit long.
Keep in mind: The label does not prove that the combined account has no risk or costs.
A selected high above a previous comparable selected high under the same observation rule.
Example: Invented confirmed highs of 10 then 12 show a higher high.
Keep in mind: One comparison alone does not establish a complete trend or identify a future move.
A selected low above a previous comparable selected low under the same observation rule.
Example: Invented confirmed lows of 7 then 8 show a higher low.
Keep in mind: Keep timeframe and confirmation rules consistent before combining it with higher-high observations.
Seeing a completed event as more obvious or predictable than it was with the information available beforehand.
Example: After a rainy picnic, someone says the weather was obviously going to turn despite their earlier uncertain forecast.
Keep in mind: Preserve the original dated reasoning rather than rewriting it after the outcome.
A token whose contract lets people buy but blocks or heavily penalises selling, usually through hidden rules that only the creator can bypass.
Example: A shop takes payment but secretly blocks returns under rules the owner can bypass. A token can similarly permit buying while imposing hidden barriers to selling.
A wallet whose private keys are stored on an internet-connected device: convenient for regular use, but more exposed to malware and remote attacks.
Example: Keeping a spending wallet on a phone is convenient, like keeping everyday cash within reach. An online signing environment also increases exposure to malware and deceptive requests.
A calendar provider’s classification of an event’s expected importance under its own editorial or analytical method.
Example: A calendar marks one event high impact, much like a diary marks an appointment important.
Keep in mind: It is not a guarantee of a move’s size, direction, timing or safe trading conditions.
The delay or smoothing in a calculated indicator’s response to changes in its observed inputs.
Example: A weekly spending average can stay elevated after today’s spending falls because earlier days remain in the window.
Keep in mind: A smoother line does not establish earlier knowledge of the next move.
A rise in the general price level across a defined basket or spending measure over a stated period. Inflation is commonly reported as a percentage rate; a falling inflation rate can still mean prices are rising.
Example: An invented index rises from 100 to 103 over a year: a 3% increase in that measured price index.
Keep in mind: An index level, a monthly rate and an annual rate are different figures; a household’s own basket can differ.
The time up to which information is allowed when making or replaying a particular decision.
Example: While reviewing a morning decision, a learner hides news and prices that arrived that afternoon.
Keep in mind: Later confirmations and revisions must not be treated as knowledge available before the cutoff.
A stated rate associated with borrowing costs or lending and savings returns over a defined period and under specified terms.
Example: In a simple invented one-year example, 4% of 100 is 4 before charges and any compounding differences.
Keep in mind: A policy rate, deposit rate, bond yield and provider financing rate are not interchangeable.
Uncertainty about the sequence or executable events within a bar when only a summary such as OHLC is available.
Example: One later bar’s high exceeds a target and its low crosses a stop; the four prices alone cannot say which came first after entry.
Keep in mind: Do not automatically award the favourable result; disclose the prewritten ambiguity policy and affected cases.
A price or condition that would contradict the particular idea being tested, as defined before later information is available.
Example: A learner’s written idea requires a completed close above a boundary; a stated contrary condition makes that idea invalid.
Keep in mind: A chart condition and an accepted exit instruction are separate parts of the plan.
The same currency relationship written in the opposite order, calculated by taking the reciprocal of a compatible rate.
Example: If an invented rate is 1 EUR = 1.25 USD, its reciprocal is 1 USD = 0.80 EUR.
Keep in mind: Real two-sided quotes require attention to the bid and ask when reversing direction.
Putting money into an asset or activity with the aim of receiving income or growth over time, while accepting that its value or returns may disappoint. The planned holding period depends on the goal and asset; holding longer does not remove risk.
Example: A learner researches an asset intended for a longer holding period. Waiting longer does not guarantee recovery after a fall, and an asset can lose most or all of its value.
Putting money into an asset or activity with the aim of receiving income or growth over time, while accepting that the result may disappoint or lose value.
Example: Someone buys a share in a business hoping it will grow; the business may instead struggle.
Keep in mind: Holding something for longer does not automatically make it safe.
The creation of new units of a currency. In Bitcoin, all new coins are issued through the block subsidy paid to miners.
Example: A bakery prints new vouchers under its published schedule. Bitcoin creates new units through the block subsidy; transaction fees transfer existing units instead.
KYC, or know your customer, refers to customer checks that commonly include identifying and verifying the customer. AML, or anti-money laundering, is the wider framework for preventing, detecting and reporting money laundering. Covered services can also have duties concerning terrorist financing. The required checks and duties depend on applicable rules.
Example: Checking an identity document is one customer check. Detecting unusual activity, keeping records and reporting concerns belong to a wider compliance process; KYC and AML are related, not identical.
A base blockchain that agrees on its own blocks and secures itself, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum.
Example: Think of a base record system with its own agreement rules. Bitcoin and Ethereum are separate base networks; the same looking asset label does not make their transfers interchangeable.
A separate network that processes transactions away from a layer 1 but relies on that layer 1 for security, for example by posting its data or proofs back to it.
Example: A branch system processes work and settles specified evidence to its base system. Check what security it actually inherits, where its data is available and who can change its rules.
Keep in mind: Security can depend on proofs, data availability, sequencers and upgrade controls. A sidechain is not automatically a layer 2.
A company, foundation or association set up under a country's law to give a DAO a legal identity and, depending on the law, limit its members' personal liability.
Example: A community association registers a legal entity to sign contracts. A DAO may also use an entity, but the name alone does not establish members' rights or limited liability everywhere.
Keep in mind: Legal personality and member liability depend on the jurisdiction and documents. A wrapper does not remove every legal obligation.
Leverage allows a trader to control a position that is larger than the cash they personally put down. This can make small market movements have a much larger effect on the trader's own money — leverage works in both directions, increasing gains, but also increasing losses.
Example: In an invented demo, a 1% adverse move on a 2,000-unit exposure produces a 20-unit price loss before costs, even if the initial margin is only 100.
Keep in mind: Margin is not the exposure amount and not a guaranteed loss ceiling.
An instruction permitting a purchase at a stated maximum price or lower, or a sale at a stated minimum price or higher.
Example: A buyer says, I will pay 50 or less for the chair; if no seller qualifies, no purchase occurs.
Keep in mind: A chart touching the level is not proof that the correct executable side and available quantity qualified.
A token representing a claim on pooled staked assets under the service rules. Rewards may appear through more tokens or a changing redemption rate; trading price, redemption timing and backing can differ.
Example: A receipt records a claim on pooled assets. Selling the receipt today is different from waiting to redeem the assets; the receipt's market price may differ from its underlying claim.
Forced reduction or closure when a trading position fails its margin requirements, or seizure of collateral when a lending position crosses its liquidation threshold. The trigger and process depend on the venue or protocol.
Example: In an invented borrowing example, collateral worth USD 150 supports USD 100 debt. A price fall may cross the protocol's threshold and permit collateral seizure before the collateral reaches zero.
How readily a transaction of a given size can be arranged at available prices without a large price impact. High total market activity does not guarantee liquidity for your exact pair, size, provider, and moment.
Example: A shop may easily handle one customer’s small order but need different terms for a very large order.
Keep in mind: A broad description of market activity does not establish your exact available execution.
An account where transactions involve real funds rather than simulated practice money. Its actual product terms, costs and risks apply.
Example: An incorrect order in a practice account changes a simulated balance; the same mistake in a live account can affect real money.
Keep in mind: Passing a demo exercise is not proof that live trading is suitable or profitable.
The debt value divided by the collateral value, usually expressed as a percentage at a stated valuation time. Protocols set borrowing limits separately from liquidation thresholds.
Example: USD 100 debt against USD 200 collateral gives 50% LTV in an invented example. If collateral falls to USD 125 with debt unchanged, LTV becomes 80%.
Keep in mind: LTV is not the same as the liquidation threshold or health factor.
A position that buys the base currency and sells the quote currency of a pair. Its price exposure benefits from a rise in the pair, before costs.
Example: The price-direction idea resembles buying something first and hoping to sell it for more later.
Keep in mind: The analogy does not replace the contract terms, executable prices or costs.
Using information in a historical decision that was not available at that decision’s stated time.
Example: A Tuesday simulation uses a report only published on Friday, even though its positions are dated Tuesday.
Keep in mind: Observation dates, publication times, revisions and confirmation delays must all respect the cutoff.
A sequence of consecutive losses under a consistent definition of a counted outcome.
Example: An invented practice log records three qualifying losses in succession.
Keep in mind: The next outcome does not owe repayment; the streak alone cannot identify whether the method or conditions changed.
The tendency for a loss to feel more painful than a gain of the same size feels good, measured from a reference point such as the purchase price.
Example: Losing EUR 20 may feel more upsetting than finding EUR 20 feels pleasant. That feeling can tempt someone to delay a necessary review of a losing position.
A tendency for losses to carry more weight than comparable gains around a reference point. Responses differ across people and situations.
Example: A learner notices that losing 5 feels more upsetting than gaining 5 feels pleasing, then records the actual decisions this feeling affected.
Keep in mind: A feeling is not proof of a bias-driven action or a reason to override a valid exit rule.
The total amount of money, written as a cash figure in your home currency, that you have decided in advance you could lose on crypto without touching essential money or your emergency fund.
Example: A learner writes a cash boundary after setting aside rent, bills and emergency money. A planned boundary is a control to review, not a promise that any position will stop at it.
Position size is the quantity involved in a position; a lot is a unit used to express that quantity. Conventional Forex standard, mini and micro lots often represent 100,000, 10,000 and 1,000 base currency units respectively. Check the actual contract specification.
Example: Choosing one packet or ten packets illustrates why quantity changes the amount involved.
Keep in mind: Keep the lot convention, currency units, margin and loss scenario distinct.
A selected high below a previous comparable selected high under the same observation rule.
Example: Invented confirmed highs of 12 then 11 show a lower high.
Keep in mind: A lower high is a description of selected observations, not a guarantee of further decline.
A selected low below a previous comparable selected low under the same observation rule.
Example: Invented confirmed lows of 8 then 6 show a lower low.
Keep in mind: A forming or unconfirmed low must not be treated as a confirmed observation.
A record of a liquidity provider position and its withdrawal rights under a pool design. Some systems use fungible tokens; others use NFTs. Withdrawable assets and fee collection depend on that design.
Example: A receipt can identify a share in a joint pool. The pool's rules decide what the receipt can redeem and how fees are collected; a percentage share does not freeze the original asset mix.
Moving average convergence divergence: an indicator comparing a faster and slower exponential average, usually with a signal line and histogram.
Example: Subtracting an invented slower average of 10 from a faster average of 12 produces an illustrative MACD value of 2.
Keep in mind: Settings and histogram convention matter; MACD is not bounded to RSI’s 0–100 scale.
A common market label for heavily traded pairs containing the US dollar and another widely traded currency. Lists can vary by source.
Example: EUR/USD is commonly labelled a major pair.
Keep in mind: A category name is not a promise of low cost or a safe trade.
Software designed to harm you or your device, for example by stealing data, watching what you type or changing what you copy, paste or see.
Example: A fake update installs a program that watches passwords or changes payment details. Obtain software through verified channels and inspect requests before approving them.
Funds required to support a leveraged position. Margin is separate from the full position value and is not a limit on possible losses.
Example: In an invented demo contract, 100 units of account money support a position worth 2,000. Those are two different amounts.
Keep in mind: Do not treat required margin as the most you can lose.
A provider-defined margin warning or requirement condition reached under the account’s rules.
Example: A hypothetical platform displays a margin warning after equity falls relative to required margin.
Keep in mind: There may be no telephone call or guaranteed opportunity to add funds before closure.
An account-control ratio commonly calculated as equity divided by used margin, multiplied by 100, subject to the provider’s rules.
Example: With example equity of 90 and used margin of 30, the displayed ratio under that convention is 300%.
Keep in mind: Used margin of zero needs separate treatment; the ratio is not a measure of a trade’s wisdom or safety.
The latest price of one token multiplied by its circulating supply: a snapshot estimate, not money invested or money that could be withdrawn.
Example: An invented price of USD 3 times two million circulating units gives USD 6 million. It does not show that USD 6 million was deposited or can be withdrawn at that price.
Quantity available at specified prices in a stated venue or feed at a particular time, under its displayed-data conventions.
Example: A shop’s shelf lists quantities at different prices; the lowest price may cover only a small part of a large order.
Keep in mind: Displayed depth can change and is not the same as spread, traded volume or the entire global market.
An instruction seeking execution at available prices rather than insisting on a particular price. Actual handling depends on the product and venue.
Example: A shopper says, Buy it now at the available checkout price, rather than setting a maximum price.
Keep in mind: The previous displayed price is not a guaranteed fill; rejection or partial execution may be possible.
A classification of market conditions over a stated period using explicit measures and rules.
Example: A learner labels a defined observation window relatively quiet under a recorded range measure.
Keep in mind: A trend can also be volatile; labels can overlap and are not automatically knowable in advance.
In this course, the arrangement of selected highs and lows on a stated price series and timeframe, under an explicit selection rule.
Example: A learner lists confirmed local highs and lows in date order before describing their arrangement.
Keep in mind: Different courses can use the label differently; the written rule matters more than the name.
A recovery-seeking sizing approach that increases stakes after losses, commonly by doubling in a simple illustration.
Example: An invented planned-loss sequence of 1, 2, 4 and 8 requires rapidly increasing funds after losses.
Keep in mind: Real funds, permitted size, margin and execution are limited; increasing stakes does not make a win due.
An informal belief that one crypto network or asset should dominate, or has meaningful long-term value while alternatives do not. Bitcoin maximalism is one example; people who use the label can hold different views.
Example: A phone fan insists one brand should replace all others. A similar attachment to one crypto network can discourage fair comparison of evidence and tradeoffs.
The largest recorded peak-to-subsequent-trough decline in a stated account series and observation window.
Example: In an invented series 100, 120, 90, 110, the largest decline is 120 to 90: 30 units, or 25% of the peak.
Keep in mind: Frequency, balance versus equity, costs and cash-flow treatment can change the measured result.
The stated upper supply limit under an asset's current rules, where such a limit exists. Check how the limit is enforced and whether anyone has power to change those rules.
Example: A ticket printer has a stated lifetime printing limit. Check whether the token's rules actually enforce a cap and who could change those rules.
Keep in mind: A stated maximum is different from currently circulating units or total units already created.
A crypto-asset whose appeal comes mainly from a joke, theme or online community rather than from a product or service.
Example: A themed souvenir becomes popular because an online community enjoys the joke. Popularity can change quickly and does not itself establish cash flows or useful rights.
An extra field, sent with a transfer on certain networks, that tells a receiving service which customer the funds belong to when many customers share one address.
Example: A shared apartment building has one street address but separate flat numbers. A receiving service may need a tag or memo to credit the correct customer.
A node's list of valid transactions that have been broadcast but not yet included in a block.
Example: Different shops have different queues of pending requests. Nodes likewise can have different pending transaction sets; there is not necessarily one identical global mempool.
A conventional Forex size label often representing 1,000 units of the base currency.
Example: Under that convention, ten micro lots contain the same units as one mini lot.
Keep in mind: Small size does not remove market, leverage or provider risks.
The arithmetic midpoint of a stated bid and ask: their sum divided by two. It is a reference, not automatically an available execution price.
Example: An invented bid of 1.1000 and ask of 1.1004 have a midpoint of 1.1002.
Keep in mind: A midpoint chart does not establish the price available for a buy or sell.
A conventional Forex size label often representing 10,000 units of the base currency.
Example: Under the stated convention, one mini lot contains one tenth of the units in a standard lot.
Keep in mind: Check the actual instrument and provider specifications.
Creating valid Bitcoin blocks, which requires showing proof of work. A miner is a person who runs mining machines, or the machine itself.
Example: A Bitcoin miner searches for a qualifying header hash, while nodes still check all the block rules. Finding a hash does not make an otherwise invalid transaction acceptable.
A common label for pairs of widely traded currencies that do not include the US dollar. Some sources call them crosses.
Example: EUR/GBP is often placed in this group.
Keep in mind: Not every use of the word cross refers to exactly the same category list.
Actions through a central-bank framework affecting monetary and financing conditions, including policy-rate or balance-sheet tools under its mandate.
Example: A central bank announces a decision about its policy rate rather than a government’s spending budget.
Keep in mind: A policy decision is not a guaranteed currency-price forecast, and operating arrangements differ by country.
Comparing observations aggregated over different intervals while keeping each series, completion time and rule explicit.
Example: An hourly candle may still be forming even though several five-minute candles inside it have finished.
Keep in mind: Do not use the eventual completed higher-timeframe value in an earlier lower-timeframe decision.
A wallet that needs signatures from a set number of separate keys (for example, two of three) before a transaction is valid.
Example: A savings club requires two approvals out of three authorised signers. A two of three wallet similarly needs the required distinct keys; two copies of one key do not provide two signers.
A protection that, where applicable, restricts specified liability beyond the relevant trading-account funds under the governing rules and terms.
Example: In a hypothetical protected arrangement, a negative trading result may be treated differently from an unrestricted debt; the exact coverage must be checked.
Keep in mind: It does not prevent ordinary trading losses, and eligibility depends on the entity, product and customer classification.
The difference between long and short holdings for a specified category and dataset under its definitions.
Example: Invented longs of 30 contracts and shorts of 20 give a net +10; 40 longs and 30 shorts also give net +10.
Keep in mind: An unchanged net can hide changes on both gross sides; contracts do not necessarily count different people.
The result after including the relevant costs and signed adjustments under a clearly stated calculation method.
Example: An invented 5-unit price result less a separate 1-unit charge gives a 4-unit net result, with all other adjustments assumed zero.
Keep in mind: Keep the cost convention consistent so a spread or fee is not counted twice.
An accounting arrangement that combines transactions in the same instrument into a net position under the account’s rules.
Example: A demo long of 1,000 units followed by a 600-unit sale leaves a 400-unit long in a simple netting example.
Keep in mind: Selling more than the existing long can create short exposure rather than simply close it.
The blockchain carrying a transfer. For an ordinary transfer on one blockchain, confirm that the destination supports the exact network and asset. Bridged or other cross-network routes introduce additional steps and risks; matching names or logos is insufficient.
Example: A parcel needs the correct destination and delivery service. A crypto transfer must use a network and asset the recipient supports, as well as the correct address and any required tag.
Keep in mind: Confirm the exact network, supported asset, destination and required tag. Matching token names or address formats alone is insufficient.
A token with its own unique ID, recorded on a blockchain, that shows which address holds that particular item.
Example: Owning a numbered collectible receipt does not automatically transfer the artist's copyright. An NFT identifies a token; separate documents decide any associated intellectual property rights.
Keep in mind: Token ownership does not automatically transfer copyright, ownership of an associated physical item or continuing access to a file.
A recorded decision not to open a position because a rule, account condition or unresolved issue prevents the action.
Example: A chart candidate qualifies, but the demo day’s prewritten gate has been reached, so the learner records no new action.
Keep in mind: Choosing no action can be process-correct; it is not automatically a missed learning opportunity.
A number in the block header that miners change freely. Each new nonce gives ordinarily a different hash, like printing a new ticket.
Example: A miner changes a header number to try a different hash. In Ethereum, an account transaction nonce has a different role: sequence and replay control. Keep the Bitcoin context visible.
Keep in mind: Here the definition describes the Bitcoin mining nonce. An account transaction nonce on Ethereum is a different use of the term.
The face-value reference amount of a position, expressed in named units or converted into a stated currency.
Example: An invented 1,000 EUR-unit exposure at 1.10 USD per EUR has a 1,100 USD notional equivalent.
Keep in mind: Notional is not margin, cash paid, profit or the planned stop loss.
A reference value describing the exposure represented by a derivatives position. For a simple linear contract, quantity times contract multiplier times the stated reference price gives notional; other contract designs use different conventions.
Example: For an invented linear position covering 0.2 BTC at USD 50,000 each, the reference notional is USD 10,000. Contract specifications and the chosen price basis must be stated; notional is different from margin.
A written condition that another learner can check from the same data available at the same time.
Example: Two learners use the same boundary, completed-close condition and cutoff to decide whether a fictional case qualifies.
Keep in mind: A repeatable observation is not automatically a trading edge or a reason to enter a position.
Deciding protocol changes through public proposals, discussion and voluntary software upgrades, rather than through votes recorded on the blockchain.
Example: Neighbours discuss a rule and choose whether to adopt it. A blockchain community can similarly coordinate through discussion and software choices rather than a binding token vote.
Open, high, low and close: four prices summarising a defined interval and price series.
Example: A daily weather summary has several measurements; an OHLC bar similarly summarises selected price facts for one period.
Keep in mind: Four numbers do not reveal the full path or the order of every move.
An on-ramp converts national currency into crypto, for example by bank transfer or card. An off-ramp converts crypto back into national currency and pays it out.
Example: A Canadian learner uses CAD to acquire crypto through an on ramp, and later converts crypto to CAD through an off ramp. Each step can have fees, limits and verification requirements.
A link between two instructions intended to cancel one when the other executes, according to the system’s rules.
Example: A learner plans two alternative demo exits but does not want both remaining active after one completes.
Keep in mind: Check partial fills, cancellation delays and remaining exposure rather than assuming perfect coordination.
The number of derivatives contracts still open at a point in time. Each contract has one long side and one short side, and it is counted once.
Example: If 100 contracts remain open, they represent 100 matched long and short pairs, not 200 contracts. A data service may display a money equivalent instead, so read the units.
Keep in mind: Read the reporting units: a service may publish contracts, asset units or a converted notional amount.
A mechanism supplying information to blockchain applications, often bringing outside data such as prices on chain. Its sources, update rules and trust assumptions affect applications that rely on it.
Example: A heating controller needs a thermometer reading. A contract using an external price likewise depends on the quality and freshness of the supplied reading.
Keep in mind: An oracle does not guarantee the truth of the information it supplies.
An instruction to transact under stated conditions, size and duration. It can be waiting, rejected, partly executed or fully executed.
Example: Asking a shop to supply an item is an instruction; it is not the same as receiving the item.
Keep in mind: Submitting an order does not prove that a position has opened or closed.
Buying or selling activity or order information under a named source and classification method.
Example: A shop’s record of completed purchases differs from customers’ pending requests or changes to its price board.
Keep in mind: Executed trades, resting orders and quote updates are different records; none reveals every participant’s intention.
Judging decision quality mainly from its eventual result instead of the information and rules available at the decision time.
Example: An unplanned demo position wins, so the learner praises the rule breach as a good decision.
Keep in mind: A win does not validate a bad process, and a loss does not by itself prove a reasonable process was bad.
A loan supported by collateral worth more than the borrowed amount at the stated valuation time. This buffer can shrink; liquidation, price gaps or other failures can still leave losses.
Example: A lender takes security worth more than a loan when it starts. If that security falls quickly or cannot be sold, the extra starting value may not prevent a loss.
A market where transactions are arranged between counterparties rather than through one central exchange for the whole market.
Example: Different currency providers can quote different prices for the same intended conversion.
Keep in mind: There is no single complete retail Forex order book showing every available transaction.
An indicator label for a reading above a chosen upper threshold. For RSI, 70 is a common convention, not a universal rule.
Example: An invented RSI reading of 75 is above that stated threshold.
Keep in mind: It does not mean a currency must fall or is expensive by an economic valuation.
Treating limited knowledge or evidence as a stronger demonstration of accuracy or control than it supports.
Example: After three successful practice cases, a learner assumes every later fill will match the planned price.
Keep in mind: Confidence is not evidence that uncertainty, execution differences or alternative outcomes disappeared.
A holding adjustment associated with keeping an eligible position across the provider’s financing cut-off. It can be a debit or credit.
Example: Two otherwise similar illustrative positions held for different periods may have different holding adjustments under the provider’s terms.
Keep in mind: Do not assume every instrument, direction or date uses the same calculation.
An indicator label for a reading below a chosen lower threshold. For RSI, 30 is a common convention, not a universal rule.
Example: An invented RSI reading of 25 is below that stated threshold.
Keep in mind: It does not mean a currency is a guaranteed bargain or must rise.
Taking actions beyond what a stated method, risk policy or practical schedule supports. There is no universal number of trades that defines it.
Example: A learner’s plan permits one bounded demo exercise, but they keep submitting extra unplanned orders.
Keep in mind: Even one unsupported action can breach a plan; a structured observation log is not automatically overtrading.
Optional extra text, chosen by you, that is combined with the seed phrase to create a separate wallet. Without the exact passphrase, the seed phrase alone opens a different wallet.
Example: The same BIP 39 recovery words with different passphrases derive different wallets. A device PIN is a separate feature; a forgotten passphrase cannot be replaced by remembering the PIN.
A prewritten sequence naming when to pause, what to stop or record, and how a review or resumption decision is made.
Example: When tempted to change a demo size outside the plan, a learner stops new submissions and saves the rule comparison for review.
Keep in mind: Pausing new actions does not itself close existing exposure or remove its risks.
A system where participants deal with each other directly, instead of routing everything through one central organisation.
Example: Two neighbours exchange information directly while still following agreed rules. A peer network can avoid one central organiser without removing every trust or security assumption.
The arithmetic difference between two percentage rates, expressed directly in percentage units.
Example: An invented rate rising from 4% to 5% increases by one percentage point, but by 25% relative to the starting rate.
Keep in mind: A one-percentage-point increase is not the same as a 1% proportional increase.
An off-chain signed message that, when someone submits it, creates a token approval without you sending the approval transaction yourself.
Example: A signed permission slip authorises a specified party to act later. A token permit can grant spending allowance even before you send an on chain transaction yourself; inspect the spender and amount.
Keep in mind: A signature can have spending consequences even without an immediate transaction from your wallet. Read the spender, allowance and expiry.
A rule you write in advance that pauses your decisions when a named trigger appears, such as a price spike, a "last chance" message or a loss.
Example: You decide in advance to pause whenever a last chance message appears. The pause creates time to check facts and budget instead of responding to pressure.
An attempt to trick you into revealing a secret, visiting a fake site, installing harmful software or approving a transaction, by pretending to be someone you trust.
Example: An email imitates your delivery company and asks for a password on a copied site. A fake crypto support message may instead ask for recovery words or a harmful signature.
A deceptive message or website designed to trick someone into revealing sensitive information or taking an unsafe action.
Example: A fake account-warning message sends you to a look-alike login page.
Keep in mind: A familiar logo does not prove that a link or request is genuine.
A conventional unit for a small exchange-rate move. For many pairs such as EUR/USD, one pip is 0.0001. For many pairs quoted in Japanese yen, one pip is 0.01. Check the instrument's quote convention rather than assuming every pair uses the same decimal place.
Example: An invented EUR/USD move from 1.1000 to 1.1001 is one pip under the stated convention.
Keep in mind: A pip measures a price distance, not a fixed amount of money.
The money amount associated with a one-pip move for a stated position size. It must be expressed in a named currency.
Example: For 1,000 EUR units in EUR/USD with a 0.0001 pip size, one pip corresponds to 0.10 USD before any account-currency conversion.
Keep in mind: Pip distance and cash value are different measurements.
A fractional pip. Where the extra quoted digit represents a tenth of a pip, ten pipettes make one pip.
Example: An invented EUR/USD move from 1.10000 to 1.10001 is one pipette under that quote convention.
Keep in mind: Check the instrument convention; a final displayed digit is not always one whole pip.
A calculated price reference from a selected completed period. A classic central pivot averages that period’s high, low and close.
Example: Invented high 12, low 8 and close 10 give a classic central pivot of 10.
Keep in mind: Pivot families and daily time boundaries differ; a calculated level is not a guaranteed turning point.
The loss scenario recorded before an action, with entry, exit, size, charges and conversion assumptions made explicit.
Example: A hypothetical worksheet combines 4 units of price-distance loss and 1 unit of separate costs into a 5-unit planned scenario.
Keep in mind: Actual losses can differ; do not redefine the original reference after seeing the result.
A fraud that uses money from new investors to pay purported returns to earlier investors, rather than the genuine earnings it claims. It becomes unsustainable when new money cannot meet payments or investors seek withdrawals.
Example: A club pays earlier members using money from new arrivals while pretending it earned investment profit. An attractive payout does not establish that a genuine income source exists.
The collection of relevant holdings, exposures and obligations considered together rather than one item at a time.
Example: A learner reviews open demo positions, pending instructions, cash scenarios, margin and costs in one inventory.
Keep in mind: Two individually small risks can combine into a larger account-level problem.
The exposure held after transactions, represented according to the account’s rules. It has a direction and quantity.
Example: A filled demo purchase leaves an open position until a later transaction reduces or closes that exposure.
Keep in mind: An order is an instruction; a position is the resulting exposure, not necessarily every visible ticket.
The quantity of an instrument involved in a position. In a currency-unit example, name the base-currency units and distinguish them from margin and possible loss.
Example: A demo position of 1,000 EUR units is a different quantity from 10,000 EUR units, even if the pair is the same.
Keep in mind: Position size, lot units, margin and the amount you could lose are different measurements.
Choosing the quantity of a position under explicit price-distance, cash-budget, cost and instrument assumptions.
Example: With a hypothetical 5-unit budget and 0.01-unit loss per currency unit, the ideal quantity is 500 units before other costs and size restrictions.
Keep in mind: A permitted quantity can be zero; planned arithmetic does not guarantee the actual loss.
A holding-style label commonly used for longer-duration exposure than shorter-term trading styles, with the actual period and rules explicitly defined.
Example: A hypothetical study examines a case over weeks rather than one intraday session.
Keep in mind: The label does not define suitability, costs, maximum loss or a guaranteed gain.
Making a decision in advance, usually in writing, so that your future self in a heated moment has a clear rule to follow instead of deciding from scratch.
Example: Before shopping, you write a spending limit and a waiting rule for expensive items. A learning plan can use the same idea to reduce decisions made under excitement or fear.
The reported figure for the earlier comparison period of a named series, which may be revised when a new release arrives.
Example: A learner saves an earlier value of 2.8% and separately records its later revision to 2.6%.
Keep in mind: Do not silently replace the pre-release prior when reconstructing an earlier decision.
A condition written before a decision that permits, blocks or pauses a specified action.
Example: A demo worksheet blocks new submissions when required information is missing or the session’s stated pause condition is met.
Keep in mind: Changing the gate after seeing an attractive case changes the rule; record and review that version separately.
A chart reference formed by boundaries used to describe a price path under a stated drawing rule, often parallel lines.
Example: Drawn lane markings help describe a route, but price can move outside its drawn channel.
Keep in mind: The drawing is not a physical fence or a guarantee of repeated bounces.
The change in available price associated with the size of your own trade relative to available liquidity. A larger trade in a shallow pool can have a larger effect.
Example: Buying all the cheap items at a stall leaves only higher priced stock for the rest of the order.
Keep in mind: Separate the effect of your own size from market movement between quote and execution.
Secret cryptographic data used to create signatures for the associated account or spending condition. Someone who obtains the necessary signing keys may gain control of the assets.
Example: An office signing credential can approve requests without being sent to the recipient. A crypto key similarly signs without needing to be revealed.
Keep in mind: A private key is not a receiving address, account password or public key.
A goal about a controllable action or habit rather than a result dependent partly on external conditions.
Example: Save the quote side and explain the risk calculation is a process goal; earn a certain amount this week depends on other factors.
Keep in mind: Following a process does not automatically make an ineffective method profitable.
How well decisions and records follow justified, prewritten requirements using the information available at the time.
Example: A learner correctly skips a blocked case even though the later chart would have produced a gain under different assumptions.
Keep in mind: Process and result are distinct; following a weak method carefully does not prove its financial value.
Total positive results divided by the magnitude of total negative results in a stated ledger and cost convention.
Example: Invented gains total 6 and losses have magnitude 3, giving profit factor 2.
Keep in mind: A zero loss denominator needs an explicit convention; it does not prove a loss-free future.
A check or report concerning selected assets controlled by a provider at a stated time. Its scope varies and may omit liabilities or other obligations; it does not by itself establish solvency.
Example: A photo shows cash in a shop's till, but not its unpaid supplier bills. A reserves snapshot also cannot by itself reveal all liabilities or prove continuing solvency.
Keep in mind: A snapshot is different from a financial statement audit and is not a guarantee of future withdrawal access.
A consensus approach in which validators commit stake and follow rules for proposing and voting on blocks. Rewards and penalties encourage correct participation; details differ between networks.
Example: A participant commits security before taking a checking role. This illustrates incentives, not a promise that every network has the same design.
Keep in mind: Holding a token is not automatically the same as operating a validator.
A mechanism requiring demonstrable computational work. In Bitcoin, miners search for a qualifying block header hash and nodes verify the block against the protocol rules.
Example: A qualifying number is costly to find through repeated attempts but simple to check against the threshold.
Keep in mind: A qualifying hash alone cannot make invalid transactions valid.
Acting under a persistent identifier, such as a wallet address, that is not your name but can be linked to you if other information connects them.
Example: An online username is not a legal name, but a public profile may connect the two. An address can similarly become linked to a person through other information.
Cryptographic data associated with a private key and used to verify its signatures. An address may be derived from keys or other spending information, depending on the network.
Example: A public verification tool can check a signed message without revealing the secret that signed it.
Keep in mind: A public key and a receiving address are not interchangeable in every system.
The time a source publishes information, distinguished from its scheduled time and the period measured by the data.
Example: A report covering September may be published in October; the reader records the date, clock and timezone.
Keep in mind: Delays, corrections and date-sensitive local offsets matter; the schedule is not proof that information was already available.
Movement against an earlier directional sequence, described under a stated timeframe and observation rule.
Example: A fictional sequence rises, then briefly moves lower before its later outcome is known.
Keep in mind: The counter-move is not already proof of either continuation or reversal.
A scheme in which insiders buy a token cheaply, hype it to attract buyers, and sell their holdings into the rising price, leaving later buyers with losses.
Example: A promoter praises a collectible while secretly selling a large stock into the new demand. Later buyers may be left with an item few people want at the promoted price.
The second currency in a currency pair, used to express the price of one unit of the base currency.
Example: In the invented EUR/USD 1.20 example, USD is the quote currency.
Keep in mind: Read the pair order before multiplying or dividing.
A case’s stated result divided by its defined initial planned-risk reference, with numerator and denominator conventions disclosed.
Example: An invented net gain of 6 against an initial 3-unit planned-risk reference is +2R under those definitions.
Keep in mind: A missing or zero reference makes the ratio unsuitable; do not redefine initial risk after the outcome.
A token linked to an asset or economic exposure outside the blockchain, such as a bond or property. Actual ownership, redemption and enforceable rights depend on its legal structure and documents.
Example: A token mentions a property, but the buyer still needs to know who owns it and what redemption rights exist. A digital label is different from an enforceable deed or claim.
A yield or return measure adjusted for a relevant inflation measure or expectation under a specified convention.
Example: For a simple invented one-period return of 4% and inflation of 3%, 1.04/1.03 − 1 is about 0.97%.
Keep in mind: Subtracting inflation is an approximation; market real-yield conventions and expected versus realised inflation can differ.
Bringing a portfolio back to the mix you originally chose after price moves have shifted it. Investor.gov names three ways: selling some of what has grown too large and buying what has shrunk, buying only the smaller parts with new money, or directing new contributions to them.
Example: In a hypothetical record, EUR 60 of one holding and EUR 40 of another become EUR 80 and EUR 40. The mix is now about 67% and 33%; restoring a chosen mix may incur costs or tax consequences.
Giving recent experiences too much weight compared with the wider relevant record.
Example: Three recent demo wins feel more convincing than the complete mixed record recorded earlier.
Keep in mind: A short recent sequence alone does not establish permanent skill, failure or future probabilities.
The percentage gain needed from a reduced value to return to a stated earlier value.
Example: After an invented account falls from 100 to 80, recovering 20 from the remaining 80 requires a 25% gain.
Keep in mind: The required gain is arithmetic, not a promise of recovery or a reason to increase risk.
A written, offline summary of what crypto you hold, where the backups are, and the steps needed to recover access, designed so that it does not by itself reveal any secret.
Example: An offline checklist says where authorised recovery instructions are held and who should act. It helps organisation without placing all the secrets into one easily stolen document.
Permission from a relevant regulator for a named firm to carry out specified activities. Its scope, jurisdiction and current status must be checked.
Example: A licence for one type of work is not automatically permission for every service someone advertises.
Keep in mind: A copied registration number or a genuine company name does not establish that your contact or product is covered.
Using collateral received from a customer as collateral for the recipient's own borrowing or other obligations. The agreement and applicable rules determine whether this is allowed. Lending or reusing customer assets is a broader category.
Example: A storage provider accepts an item, then pledges it to someone else under its terms. Customer asset reuse creates dependencies beyond simple safekeeping.
Keep in mind: Asset reuse, lending and pledging are related activities but their permitted scope and legal treatment depend on the agreement.
A fraud in which a scammer builds trust through a friendship, romance or other relationship, then steers the victim toward a fake investment platform. Invented profits and pressure for larger deposits hide the theft. The term pig butchering is sometimes used for this type of scam.
Example: A new online friend builds trust, then recommends a platform that displays invented profits and blocks withdrawals. Independent verification is needed even when the conversation feels personal.
An oscillator comparing recent upward and downward close-to-close changes under a selected smoothing rule, normally displayed on a 0–100 scale.
Example: A worksheet groups upward and downward changes to describe their recent balance.
Keep in mind: RSI is not a direct measure of economic value or a guarantee of reversal.
A chosen price area where earlier rises paused or turned downward in a stated chart record.
Example: A learner marks a zone around earlier highs before observing a later approach.
Keep in mind: The label is not a ceiling that prevents later prices from rising through it.
A later return toward a watched boundary after a break, under a stated proximity and timing rule.
Example: After crossing a marked area, an invented price series later approaches it again.
Keep in mind: A return need not occur and does not have to hold or reverse at the boundary.
A rushed recovery-seeking action after a loss rather than a fresh decision meeting the prewritten rules.
Example: After a demo loss, someone doubles the next position simply because they want the balance back today.
Keep in mind: A previous loss does not create a market obligation to repay it.
A change in selected direction or structure that meets a stated classification rule.
Example: After a defined rising sequence, later observations meet the learner’s prewritten rule for a change of direction.
Keep in mind: One opposite-coloured candle is not automatically a reversal, and confirmation can require later data.
A change to a previously published estimate when the issuer updates data or methods under its stated process.
Example: A fictional jobs estimate first reports 100, then a later publication changes that prior estimate to 90.
Keep in mind: Retain both versions and their publication times; the revised value was not necessarily available earlier.
A description of willingness to accept risk based on stated observations or interpretations, not one universal market switch.
Example: Households may become more cautious about uncertain spending; markets can also show changing willingness to hold risky assets.
Keep in mind: A risk-on or risk-off label does not fix every currency’s direction or prove why a move occurred.
A prewritten amount used as a planning limit for a specified risk scenario. Its account reference, period and cost assumptions must be stated.
Example: In a hypothetical demo worksheet, a learner writes a 5-unit planned-loss budget before choosing a position size.
Keep in mind: This is a teaching assumption, not a recommended live limit or a guarantee of maximum loss.
The possibility of reaching a stated condition where an activity cannot continue under its financial or practical constraints. Any numerical estimate needs a model.
Example: A demo account may be unable to meet its minimum order or margin requirement before its balance reaches zero.
Keep in mind: The ruin threshold and assumptions matter; a model percentage is not a guarantee about an actual account.
A comparison of planned loss with proposed gain, using consistent units and cost assumptions. The order of the ratio must be stated.
Example: A hypothetical 5-unit loss and 10-unit gain can be written risk:reward 1:2, or reward/risk 2.
Keep in mind: A favourable ratio does not establish how often either result occurs.
How dependent a conclusion is on particular reasonable assumptions or narrow parameter choices, assessed through a stated sensitivity-review plan.
Example: A learner reports the results with both the base cost assumption and a predeclared higher-cost scenario.
Keep in mind: Choosing the best variation and hiding the others is not a robustness check.
In this retail holding-cost context, a debit or credit applied when a position passes a provider’s specified cut-off under its terms.
Example: A hotel’s extra-night policy illustrates why a time boundary can change the bill.
Keep in mind: The cut-off, calculation, sign and schedule must be checked; rollover is not always a charge.
A scam in which a token's creators abandon the project and take the money, leaving buyers with tokens that are worth little or nothing.
Example: Organisers sell entry passes to a project, then take the funds or remove essential support. In crypto, a sudden removal of liquidity or malicious control can leave holders unable to exit.
An identified, dated specification of a method, including the exact conditions and assumptions used for its decisions.
Example: Version 1 requires a close strictly above a boundary; version 2 allows equality. These are different rules.
Keep in mind: Do not rewrite earlier decisions as if a later revision already existed.
The average result in a stated sample of completed cases under a consistent unit and cost convention.
Example: Invented results +4, +2, −3 and 0 total +3 across four cases, giving a sample mean of +0.75.
Keep in mind: This describes that sample, not the next trade or a guaranteed future average.
A holding-style label commonly used for very short intraday positions seeking small price movements. Exact duration and execution rules must be stated.
Example: A teaching specification may define a case lasting minutes rather than using the label alone.
Keep in mind: The label does not make costs small or execution safe.
An ordered set of words used by a compatible wallet to derive recovery keys. A BIP 39 wallet may also require its exact passphrase; multisig recovery may require other keys. Treat recovery material as secret.
Example: A recovery backup is closer to a master access secret than a customer account number. Its words, order and any additional recovery requirements matter; never give it to someone claiming to be support.
An opinion or attitude measured by a specified survey or indicator, with its population and method identified.
Example: A survey counts positive opinions; a holdings report records positions. Those are different measurements.
Keep in mind: Opinions, account counts and position quantities cannot be treated as interchangeable probabilities of a price move.
A period when the normal business hours of two financial centres overlap. The actual UTC window depends on the date and local clocks.
Example: Two shops in different time zones can be open at the same time for part of the day.
Keep in mind: An overlap is not a promise of a profitable or inexpensive trade.
A position that sells the base currency and buys the quote currency of a pair. Its price exposure benefits from a fall in the pair, before costs.
Example: It reverses the direction of the long-position idea: a later lower buy-back price would be favourable before costs.
Keep in mind: Do not confuse selling a pair with selling both currencies.
A fraud in which a criminal takes control of your phone number by persuading or bribing your mobile provider to move it to a SIM card they hold.
Example: A criminal persuades a mobile provider to redirect your number to another SIM. They may then receive text verification codes; SMS access is not the same as secure control of your recovery material.
The equal-weight arithmetic mean of observations in a rolling window. When the window moves, the oldest observation leaves and the newest enters.
Example: Invented prices 10, 12 and 14 have a three-observation average of 12.
Keep in mind: The chosen input, timeframe and window matter; an average is not a forecast.
A penalty in proof of stake that destroys part of a validator's deposit when it provably breaks the rules, for example by voting for two conflicting blocks.
Example: A referee penalises a participant for a specific rule violation. In Ethereum staking, conflicting signed votes can trigger slashing; ordinary downtime penalties are a different mechanism.
Keep in mind: The two retained source contexts overlap. Network specific rules decide the penalty and validator exit; ordinary downtime is not necessarily slashable.
In Ethereum proof of stake, a penalty for specified conflicting block proposals or votes that destroys some staked ETH and forces the validator to exit. Other networks have their own offences, penalties and exit rules.
The difference between an expected or quoted execution outcome and the outcome actually obtained. It may be favourable or adverse; compare compatible price and quantity references.
Example: An invented quote estimates 100 tokens received, but execution produces 98. The difference must be checked against the quote and its stated terms.
Keep in mind: Slippage tolerance is an execution limit, not a guaranteed final outcome.
The difference between a reference or expected execution price and the actual fill, which can be favourable or adverse.
Example: A checkout price differs from the earlier shelf price; the receipt records the price actually accepted.
Keep in mind: Actual-fill P&L already reflects the fill: do not deduct the same execution difference again.
A blockchain program whose rules execute when called under the network conditions. It can move assets or update records, but may contain bugs or depend on administrator permissions, upgrades and external data.
Example: A programmed vending rule checks an input before updating records. The rule can still contain a mistake or administrator powers, so automatic operation is different from guaranteed safety.
Treating other people’s apparent approval or behaviour as evidence when making a judgment. It can influence choices without verifying a claim.
Example: A queue outside a restaurant suggests popularity, but does not prove every meal suits your needs.
Keep in mind: Followers, testimonials and agreeing messages are not a complete trading-performance record.
Taking a position mainly because you expect its price to change in your favour, rather than because you need it for an immediate practical use.
Example: A traveller converts money for a hotel bill. Someone buying currency only to sell it after a hoped-for rise has a different purpose.
Keep in mind: Purpose matters; the same currency can be used in different ways.
An exchange arranged for settlement under the market’s spot convention, rather than a separately agreed future delivery date. The exact timing depends on the transaction.
Example: Someone arranges currency for a near-term supplier payment instead of fixing a rate for a payment several months away.
Keep in mind: Spot does not always mean instant delivery; retail price contracts may have different terms.
The difference between the highest price a buyer is offering (best bid) and the lowest price a seller is asking (best ask).
Example: An invented best bid is USD 99 and best ask is USD 101. The spread is USD 2; fees and the available quantity can add further execution costs.
The ask minus the bid at a stated moment. It is often quoted in pips. The spread is not a separate bill in every pricing model, but it is an inherent difference between the two quoted sides.
Example: An invented 1.1000/1.1002 EUR/USD quote has a 0.0002 spread: two pips under the stated convention.
Keep in mind: The spread is a difference between sides, not necessarily a separately billed fee.
A crypto token designed to hold a steady value against a reference, usually a national currency such as the US dollar. Stablecoins aim to hold a peg; they carry no guarantee and are not bank deposits.
Example: A token aims to stay near one US dollar. If it trades at USD 0.94, the reference remains one dollar but the market price has moved away from it.
A conventional Forex position-size label often representing 100,000 units of the base currency. Actual contract specifications must be checked.
Example: Think of a labelled bulk package: the label describes quantity, not the deposit required to hold it.
Keep in mind: A standard lot is not the same as 100,000 units of required margin.
An indicator locating a selected close within the recent high-to-low range, often with additional smoothing.
Example: With low 10, high 20 and close 15, a basic illustrative %K is 50: (15−10)/(20−10) × 100.
Keep in mind: A zero-width range needs special handling; record the selected version and smoothing rules.
The stated price distance between an entry reference and a stop or invalidation reference, using the applicable direction and quote sides.
Example: An invented long entry at 1.1000 and exit reference at 1.0980 are 20 conventional 0.0001 pips apart.
Keep in mind: A distance is not a cash amount or a guarantee that an ordinary stop fills at the reference price.
An instruction that activates a limit order after a separate trigger, combining an activation condition with an acceptable-price boundary.
Example: An alert tells a shopper to start looking, but the shopper still refuses to pay above a written limit.
Keep in mind: Price control can leave the order unfilled while existing exposure continues.
An exit instruction intended to reduce exposure after adverse movement. Its trigger and execution behaviour depend on the chosen order and product.
Example: A demo learner writes an adverse-movement exit condition before entering a position.
Keep in mind: An ordinary stop-loss is not a guarantee that losses cannot exceed a planned amount.
An instruction activated by a stated trigger. A conventional stop-market order then seeks market execution under the applicable rules.
Example: A water-level alarm says when to respond; it does not hold the water at the alarm mark.
Keep in mind: The trigger price and eventual fill price can differ.
A provider-defined condition allowing or requiring forced closure of exposure under its margin or liquidation rules.
Example: A demo account reaches a specified closure condition and the provider begins closing positions under its documented process.
Keep in mind: A stop-out is not your ordinary stop-loss instruction, and closure prices or order may differ from expectations.
Straight-through processing: a label commonly used for automated transaction processing or routing. It does not by itself define the customer’s legal counterparty.
Example: An online order can move automatically between systems instead of someone retyping each detail.
Keep in mind: Automated routing is not proof that you trade directly with an outside bank.
A deliberately stated adverse set of assumptions used to examine potential effects, rather than a prediction or guaranteed worst case.
Example: If two hypothetical account-currency position results are −4 and −6 in the same scenario, their combined result is −10 before any omitted items.
Keep in mind: State conversion, costs and execution assumptions; more adverse outcomes may still be possible.
A move through a selected structure reference under a stated price, timeframe and confirmation rule.
Example: A worksheet identifies a prior confirmed low and requires a later completed close below it to label a break.
Keep in mind: The chart classification does not establish an available fill, a permanent trend or a guaranteed return.
Treating money, time or effort already spent as a reason to keep going, even though that past cost cannot be recovered by continuing.
Example: A prepaid cinema ticket tempts you to stay even when you feel unwell. The past payment cannot decide whether staying is the best choice now.
Treating an unrecoverable past commitment as a reason to commit more now, instead of assessing the current decision on relevant future consequences.
Example: I spent two hours studying this case, so I must enter it, ignores whether it meets the current rule.
Keep in mind: Time already spent cannot make a false condition true or remove present risk.
A stated upper supply limit under an asset’s current rules. Bitcoin’s current issuance rules limit newly created BTC to about 21 million units. A cap is different from circulating supply and does not guarantee demand or value.
Example: A Bitcoin learner separates the supply rule from market demand. A finite supply does not make any particular future price certain.
Keep in mind: The Bitcoin supply statement refers to its current consensus rules. A cap does not guarantee value, liquidity or future demand.
A chosen price area where earlier declines paused or turned upward in a stated chart record.
Example: A learner marks a zone around several earlier lows and watches what later prices actually do.
Keep in mind: The label describes a reference area, not a floor that must hold.
A local high selected using an explicit comparison or turning-point rule. Its confirmation time depends on that rule.
Example: In an invented 10, 12, 11 sequence, 12 is a local high under a one-neighbour-on-each-side rule after 11 is observed.
Keep in mind: If the rule needs later bars, the swing was not confirmed at the high itself.
A local low selected using an explicit comparison or turning-point rule. Its confirmation time depends on that rule.
Example: In an invented 10, 8, 9 sequence, 8 is a local low under a one-neighbour-on-each-side rule after 9 is observed.
Keep in mind: Changing the rule or timeframe changes which lows are selected.
A holding-style label commonly used for positions lasting several days, with exact entry and exit rules defined separately.
Example: An observation exercise tracks a fictional case across several daily periods.
Keep in mind: Longer holding can add overnight, weekend, financing and event exposure.
An exit instruction intended to act after favourable movement. It may use a limit or another documented implementation.
Example: A seller sets an intended sale level in advance instead of deciding only after the price changes.
Keep in mind: The name states its purpose, not a universal trigger or fill rule.
In Bitcoin proof of work, the threshold the block header hash must be less than or equal to. A lower target makes a qualifying hash less likely per attempt.
Example: A simplified number game accepts results of 10 or less. Reducing the threshold to 5 makes a qualifying result less likely. Bitcoin uses a much larger numerical threshold.
A proposed favourable exit reference or objective under a stated plan.
Example: A fictional worksheet records a favourable exit reference before examining later observations.
Keep in mind: A target is not money earned or a level the market must reach.
An Ethereum smart contract investment project launched in 2016. Its June 2016 exploit prompted a disputed July hard fork; the chains continued as Ethereum and Ethereum Classic.
Example: A jointly funded project had a software flaw; participants disagreed on how to respond. The DAO episode shows that code risk and governance decisions can affect each other.
A count of received ticks or updates under a feed’s definition, rather than necessarily the currency quantity transacted.
Example: Counting ten changes on a shop’s price board does not tell you how many items were sold.
Keep in mind: Updates can have different causes; tick count is not automatically traded volume.
An exit condition based on a specified elapsed duration, clock time or number of periods rather than only a price level.
Example: An observation plan says to end a demo case after three completed bars if neither price exit has occurred.
Keep in mind: The time rule still requires an execution process; reaching the time does not guarantee a particular fill.
The rule defining how long an order remains eligible or how promptly it must execute before cancellation.
Example: A shopping offer valid until Friday differs from one valid only today.
Keep in mind: Session boundaries, time zones and provider-defined expiry limits matter.
The interval used to group observations on a time-based chart, such as five minutes, one hour or one day.
Example: A daily spending total and an hourly spending total summarise different-sized periods.
Keep in mind: Changing timeframe changes the aggregation, not necessarily the underlying source transactions.
A digital asset issued using an existing blockchain. Many tokens use smart contracts to maintain balances and transfer rules, but technical designs, permissions and holder rights vary.
Example: A voucher uses an existing shop system rather than being the shop's national currency. Many blockchain tokens similarly use an existing network, but their rights and technical designs differ.
Permission allowing a specified spender to transfer a defined token amount from an account, under the token rules. An allowance may be created by an on chain approval or a supported permit signature.
Example: A written collection authorisation names the person and quantity they may collect. Review a token permission with the same attention to scope.
Keep in mind: Connecting a wallet is different from granting spending allowance.
An event or schedule that removes restrictions on allocated tokens, making specified units available under the project terms. Availability is different from an actual sale.
Example: A locked allocation becomes transferable on its written date. The holder may keep it, move it or sell it.
Keep in mind: Check the units, recipients and practical transfer restrictions rather than treating every unlock as an immediate sale.
All tokens created so far, minus any that have been verifiably burned. It includes tokens that are still locked.
Example: A project has created 1,000 units and verifiably burned 100. Under that stated measure, total supply is 900, including units still locked or not publicly circulating.
A measure of the market value of assets counted as committed to a DeFi protocol under a stated data provider’s method at a particular time. Eligible assets, valuation and treatment of nested positions can differ between methods.
Example: A pool holds ten units priced at USD 5, giving USD 50 under that valuation rule. If the price doubles, measured TVL can rise without any new units being deposited.
Keep in mind: Prices, eligible assets and counting rules affect this figure. Nested positions can create double counting across services.
The amount actually transacted in a stated instrument, venue and period, reported in defined units.
Example: Counting the litres sold at one shop describes that shop’s sales, not every shop’s sales.
Keep in mind: A venue’s record is not automatically the entire global spot-Forex market.
Buying and selling, or opening and closing market positions, to benefit from price changes. Holding periods vary. Costs, execution and losses matter even when the activity follows a written plan.
Example: A learner records an intended entry, exit and costs in a practice trade. The holding period alone does not determine whether the plan is sensible or whether it will make money.
Buying and selling an asset or entering and closing a market position. In this course, the focus is currency-price decisions that can produce gains or losses.
Example: Buying produce to resell helps illustrate a trading purpose; the resale price and costs are not certain.
Keep in mind: This everyday analogy does not describe how a Forex contract is legally arranged.
Taking a currency position to benefit from a change in one currency against another. A favourable move may produce a gain; an adverse move or trading costs may produce a loss.
Example: A demo exercise compares a currency purchase with a later sale at a different quote.
Keep in mind: A hoped-for move and a guaranteed result are not the same thing.
A convenient name for the period when a major financial center is normally open. It describes typical local activity, not a promise that a particular currency will move or that an individual trade is safe.
Example: Different financial centres resemble shops whose working hours follow different local clocks.
Keep in mind: The session name does not replace the provider’s actual schedule.
A reproducible set of rules stating what to observe, when actions qualify, how exposure is limited and how cases end.
Example: Two learners receive the same data and written rules and can explain why a case qualifies or does not.
Keep in mind: A reproducible rule is a testable hypothesis, not proof of a reliable future return.
A stop instruction adjusted by a stated favourable-movement rule. Activation, price reference, step size and hosting depend on the implementation.
Example: Imagine raising an alarm mark when conditions improve without lowering it when they worsen.
Keep in mind: It can still slip, and some implementations depend on the user’s terminal staying connected.
In the Bitcoin context, a transaction spends earlier outputs and creates new outputs with specified spending conditions. These may require a signature, several signatures or other conditions. Other blockchains use different transaction models.
Example: In a Bitcoin example, one input supports a payment output and a change output. The difference between total inputs and outputs pays the fee; the wallet chooses the spending conditions.
A FATF standard concerning collection and secure transmission of originator and beneficiary information for relevant transfers involving regulated providers. National implementation and applicable requirements vary.
Example: A provider may ask who is sending and receiving a transfer. Which information is required depends on its applicable rules; a transfer between personal wallets is not automatically treated like every provider transfer.
A description of the arrangement of price movements over a chosen period and under a stated observation rule.
Example: A weekly spending record may generally rise despite individual lower days; the selected period affects the description.
Keep in mind: A trend description does not determine the next price or establish a future trade outcome.
A straight visual reference connecting explicitly selected chart points, often reaction lows or highs.
Example: Two selected points let a learner draw a line and record exactly which points were used.
Keep in mind: A line through two chosen points is not independent evidence of predictive power.
The exact condition that activates the next specified action or observation step under a written rule.
Example: A learner records, Consider the demo worksheet only after a completed close above the defined boundary.
Keep in mind: A chart trigger, an order trigger and permission to place an order are different conditions.
The largest of high minus low, the absolute distance from high to previous close, and the absolute distance from low to previous close.
Example: With previous close 10, high 13 and low 12, those distances are 1, 3 and 2; true range is 3.
Keep in mind: It includes certain gaps but does not reconstruct every price or available fill inside the move.
An organisation, such as a bank or payment company, that both sides of a payment rely on to keep the record and settle disputes.
Example: Two buyers trust an escrow company to release payment when conditions are met. Its service can help coordination while also creating a dependency on that company.
A login check using two different kinds of evidence, such as a password and a security key or approval from an authenticator.
Example: A password opens the first check; a confirmation on your own device provides another check.
Keep in mind: Two passwords are not two different factors, and some methods are more resistant to phishing than others.
Not knowing exactly what will happen next. In Forex, an explanation or a plan cannot remove uncertainty about future prices.
Example: You plan an outdoor picnic, but cannot promise that the weather will stay dry.
Keep in mind: A confident explanation is not a guaranteed outcome.
The amount currently required to support open exposure under the account’s margin rules.
Example: In a demo account, equity may be 100 while 20 is currently required as used margin.
Keep in mind: Required margin is not the full exposure or a promised maximum loss.
Coordinated Universal Time, a shared time reference used to compare events across places with different local clocks.
Example: A teaching appointment at 09:00 UTC is 12:00 at a location whose offset is UTC+3 on that date.
Keep in mind: Check the date and local offset instead of assuming every place uses a fixed offset year-round.
An output that has been received but not yet spent. Your wallet's balance is the total of all the UTXOs it can spend.
Example: A Bitcoin wallet has spendable outputs of 0.003 and 0.002 BTC. Together they total 0.005 BTC before considering the fee and conditions of a new transaction.
Keep in mind: Spendable outputs are subject to their conditions and transaction fees. A visible balance need not all be immediately spendable.
A protocol participant that performs specified validation, proposal or voting duties. In Ethereum proof of stake, validators use stake and signing keys under the consensus rules.
Example: A shared record needs designated checking duties and evidence of who performed them.
Keep in mind: Validator concentration and key handling matter as well as the number of participants.
The mechanisms through which network activity may benefit a token or its holders, such as fee distributions, buybacks or burns. A burn reduces units instead of paying cash directly, and greater network usage does not guarantee a higher token price.
Example: A busy shopping centre can earn income without paying visitors. A busy blockchain also need not reward every token holder; inspect the actual fee, burn or distribution rules.
Keep in mind: Burns do not directly distribute cash. Usage or fee growth need not produce gains for a token holder.
A schedule under which an allocation becomes available according to time or other conditions. Read who can claim it, the start, any initial waiting period and the release rules.
Example: An invented staff allocation releases 10 units each month rather than all 120 at once.
Keep in mind: A release schedule is not a guarantee that recipients will retain the tokens.
The variability of a price series under a specified measure and observation period. It describes variation, not simply the direction of travel.
Example: Two bus journeys can arrive at the same time even though one had much larger changes in speed.
Keep in mind: Recent variability is not a maximum future move or a promise of safe execution.
A malicious website or script that persuades you to connect your wallet and sign a request which lets the attacker move your funds.
Example: A fake sale page asks you to sign a request that grants an attacker spending power. Connecting a wallet and approving a signature are distinct steps; inspect each request.
Keep in mind: Connection alone does not necessarily authorise spending, but a separate signature or approval can create dangerous permissions.
Buying and selling the same asset at nearly the same time without any real change in who owns it, usually to make trading look busier than it is.
Example: A seller repeatedly trades an item between accounts it controls to make demand look strong. Reported activity can rise without independent buyers or genuine ownership changes.
Keep in mind: The two retained source definitions describe the same broad concept. Suspicious activity needs evidence; high volume alone is not proof of manipulation.
Buying and selling the same asset, at the same time, without any real change in who owns it, to create a false picture of trading volume and demand.
A wallet that tracks addresses using public information without holding their signing keys. It can display activity and, in some implementations, prepare transactions or broadcast transactions signed elsewhere. It cannot independently authorise spending from those addresses.
Example: A shared budget dashboard displays balances but cannot authorise payments. A watch only wallet similarly observes public information without holding the signing keys.
A difference between a price before a weekend closure and a later price when quoting or trading resumes.
Example: A shop’s Friday price may differ from the price displayed when it next opens.
Keep in mind: A stop instruction does not guarantee that execution will occur at a requested price across a gap.
The sum of each executed price multiplied by its filled quantity, divided by total filled quantity in compatible units.
Example: Invented fills of 100 units at 1.10 and 200 at 1.12 give (110 + 224)/300, about 1.11333 per unit.
Keep in mind: Use actual compatible fills and quantity weights; a simple unweighted average gives a different figure.
The part of a conventional candlestick showing an extreme beyond the open-to-close body, also called a shadow.
Example: With open 10, close 12, high 13 and low 9, the wicks cover 12–13 and 9–10.
Keep in mind: A wick does not identify who traded or prove the next price direction.
The fraction of completed cases with positive results under the stated result and cost convention, using the defined denominator.
Example: In an invented ledger with two wins, one loss and one zero, wins are 2 of 4 completed cases: 50%.
Keep in mind: Zeros and unresolved cases need distinct treatment; sample win rate is not an established future win probability.
A setting that lets your account send crypto only to addresses you have saved in advance, often with a waiting period before a new address can be used.
Example: A payment account permits transfers only to saved destinations. A waiting period may help review a new destination, but the control does not guarantee the destination or account is safe.
A charge for a withdrawal under the provider’s and payment route’s terms.
Example: Withdrawing an invented 50-unit amount may carry a separately stated 2-unit fee.
Keep in mind: A withdrawal reduces cash balance but is not itself a trading loss; unexplained advance payment demands need scrutiny.
Income or rewards associated with depositing, lending or staking an asset, often quoted as an annualised rate. The rate, fees, reward asset and calculation method matter. Additional token units do not guarantee a positive return in your home currency.
Example: A displayed 8% annualised token reward may change tomorrow. Even if units increase, their price can fall, so token rewards and a return measured in your home currency are different.
Keep in mind: Check whether the rate is APR or APY, the reward asset, costs and reward source. Asset price losses can outweigh additional units.
The difference between named yield or rate measures, expressed under compatible period, instrument and currency conventions.
Example: Two invented comparable annual rates of 5% and 2% differ by three percentage points.
Keep in mind: A rate gap is not the total investment return after currency changes, funding costs and product terms.